chapter 44 Flashcards
what is osmoregulation?
processes that control solute concentrations and balance water gain/loss
why is osmoregulation important?
too much water uptake ->cell explodes
too little water uptake -> cell shrivels
desert animals need to ____ water and marine animals need to _____ water
conserve, remove
why is excretion important?
different things need to be removed from each animal
what is osmosis?
movement of water, diffusion if water molecules
what is hyperosmotic?
higher solute concentration, less free water concentration
what is hypoosmotic?
low solute concentration, more free water concentration
what is isoosmotic?
same osmolarity
what is osmolarity?
measurement of solute concentration
what are osmoconformers?
to be isoomotic with its surroundings (usually aquatic animals)
what are osmoregulators?
to control internal osmolarity independent of the environment, uses control to control
what happens to an osmoregulator in an hypoosmotic environment?
discharge excess water
what happens to an osmoregulator in an hyperosmotic environment?
water comes in
what are stenohalines?
cannot tolerate change well in their environment
what are euryhalines?
can survive large fluctuations in environment
what are some examples of euryhaline osmoconformers?
mussels and barnacles
what are some examples of euryhaline osmoregulators?
striped bass and salmon
freshwater animals have ____ urine
dilute urine, need to get rid of water
marine animals have too much _____ and need to get rid of it
salt
why are sharks considered osmoconformers?
salts+urea+TMAO create an environment similar to seawater
how are salmon special?
they are usually act like a freshwater fish but when they migrate to the ocean they produce a hormone that secretes salt, thus becoming more like a marine animal
what is anhydrobiosis?
dormant state without water
how do terrestrial animal get and lose water?
obtain by drinking and eating, lose it by sweat, poop, pee, and respiration
how to body coverings help terrestrial animals?
acts as a barrier to decrease moisture loss
osmoregulation requires ____ to maintain osmotic gradients
energy
the amount of energy used for osmoregulation differs based on?
how different the animal’s osmolarity is from its environment, how easily water and solutes move across the animal’s surface, the work required to pump solutes across the membrane
why are enzymes important for waste?
it removes nitrogen in the toxic form of ammonia
what do some animals do before excreting ammonia?
convert it into a less toxic form
what are the 2 types of animals that excrete ammonia?
- aquatic animals bc they need a lot of water to tolerate it
- invertebrates release it over their whole body surface
what is urea?
low toxic product of metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with CO2 in the liver. used by terrestrial animals but it very energetically expensive.
what is uric acid?
nontoxic nitrogenous waste, most energetically expensive . excreted by insects, land snails, and reptiles
what is guano?
a mix of white uric acid and brown feces
what is the problem with ovipary and waste?
urea cannot get out of the shell and is toxic in high amounts. using uric acid is better
what are the key steps of a excretory system?
- filtration - tubule collects filtrate from blood and solution is pushed by blood pressure across a selectively permeable membrane, large molecules cannot get through
- reabsorption- reclaims valuable nutrients and returns to body
- secretion- bad substances are extracted from body and into the tubule
- excretion- leaves system and body
what are protonephridia?
the excretory system of flatworms
- beating of cilia draws water and solutes near through flame bulb
- gets processed and excreted
what is the metanephridia?
excretory organs of earthworms that collect fluid directly from coelom
what are malpighian tubules?
excretory system of insects. no filtration step, solutes and waste is secreted into tubule and excreted out
why do fleas stick their butt up in the air
they obtain water through their fucking butts
what happens at the proximal tubule ?
reabsorption of ions,water and nutrients
what happens at the descending loop of Henle?
reabsorption of water
what happens at the ascending loop of Henle?
thin- reabsoption of NaCl through passive transport
thick- reabsoption of NaCl through active transport
what happens at the distal tubule?
regulates potassium and NaCl
what happens at the collecting duct?
carries filtrate to renal pelvis to be excreted
how does osmolarity stay the same in the proximal tubule when filtrate voloume decreases?
A large amount of water and salt is reabsorbed from the filtrate as it flows through the proximal tubule in the renal cortex. As a result, the filtrate’s volume decreases substantially, but its osmolarity remains about the same.
a longer loop of Henle will?
have more water conserved
what is the juxtamedullary nephron?
helps mammals to get rid of salts and nitrogenous wastes without wasting water, pee concentrater
whats up with the vampire bat?
it may not know when its next meal will be so itll pig out when he finds one. he’ll drink so fucking much that he gets too heavy but never fear his liver goes into MAXIMUM OGREDRIVE to help the little guy pee dilute urine. back at home the guy needs to process his high-protein meal so his liver shifts to producing a more concentrated pee
what influence kidneys?
circadian clock
