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chapter 44 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

processes that control solute concentrations and balance water gain/loss

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2
Q

why is osmoregulation important?

A

too much water uptake ->cell explodes

too little water uptake -> cell shrivels

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3
Q

desert animals need to ____ water and marine animals need to _____ water

A

conserve, remove

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4
Q

why is excretion important?

A

different things need to be removed from each animal

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5
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water, diffusion if water molecules

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6
Q

what is hyperosmotic?

A

higher solute concentration, less free water concentration

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7
Q

what is hypoosmotic?

A

low solute concentration, more free water concentration

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8
Q

what is isoosmotic?

A

same osmolarity

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9
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

measurement of solute concentration

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10
Q

what are osmoconformers?

A

to be isoomotic with its surroundings (usually aquatic animals)

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11
Q

what are osmoregulators?

A

to control internal osmolarity independent of the environment, uses control to control

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12
Q

what happens to an osmoregulator in an hypoosmotic environment?

A

discharge excess water

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13
Q

what happens to an osmoregulator in an hyperosmotic environment?

A

water comes in

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14
Q

what are stenohalines?

A

cannot tolerate change well in their environment

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15
Q

what are euryhalines?

A

can survive large fluctuations in environment

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16
Q

what are some examples of euryhaline osmoconformers?

A

mussels and barnacles

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17
Q

what are some examples of euryhaline osmoregulators?

A

striped bass and salmon

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18
Q

freshwater animals have ____ urine

A

dilute urine, need to get rid of water

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19
Q

marine animals have too much _____ and need to get rid of it

A

salt

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20
Q

why are sharks considered osmoconformers?

A

salts+urea+TMAO create an environment similar to seawater

21
Q

how are salmon special?

A

they are usually act like a freshwater fish but when they migrate to the ocean they produce a hormone that secretes salt, thus becoming more like a marine animal

22
Q

what is anhydrobiosis?

A

dormant state without water

23
Q

how do terrestrial animal get and lose water?

A

obtain by drinking and eating, lose it by sweat, poop, pee, and respiration

24
Q

how to body coverings help terrestrial animals?

A

acts as a barrier to decrease moisture loss

25
Q

osmoregulation requires ____ to maintain osmotic gradients

A

energy

26
Q

the amount of energy used for osmoregulation differs based on?

A

how different the animal’s osmolarity is from its environment, how easily water and solutes move across the animal’s surface, the work required to pump solutes across the membrane

27
Q

why are enzymes important for waste?

A

it removes nitrogen in the toxic form of ammonia

28
Q

what do some animals do before excreting ammonia?

A

convert it into a less toxic form

29
Q

what are the 2 types of animals that excrete ammonia?

A
  1. aquatic animals bc they need a lot of water to tolerate it
  2. invertebrates release it over their whole body surface
30
Q

what is urea?

A

low toxic product of metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with CO2 in the liver. used by terrestrial animals but it very energetically expensive.

31
Q

what is uric acid?

A

nontoxic nitrogenous waste, most energetically expensive . excreted by insects, land snails, and reptiles

32
Q

what is guano?

A

a mix of white uric acid and brown feces

33
Q

what is the problem with ovipary and waste?

A

urea cannot get out of the shell and is toxic in high amounts. using uric acid is better

34
Q

what are the key steps of a excretory system?

A
  1. filtration - tubule collects filtrate from blood and solution is pushed by blood pressure across a selectively permeable membrane, large molecules cannot get through
  2. reabsorption- reclaims valuable nutrients and returns to body
  3. secretion- bad substances are extracted from body and into the tubule
  4. excretion- leaves system and body
35
Q

what are protonephridia?

A

the excretory system of flatworms

  1. beating of cilia draws water and solutes near through flame bulb
  2. gets processed and excreted
36
Q

what is the metanephridia?

A

excretory organs of earthworms that collect fluid directly from coelom

37
Q

what are malpighian tubules?

A

excretory system of insects. no filtration step, solutes and waste is secreted into tubule and excreted out

38
Q

why do fleas stick their butt up in the air

A

they obtain water through their fucking butts

39
Q

what happens at the proximal tubule ?

A

reabsorption of ions,water and nutrients

40
Q

what happens at the descending loop of Henle?

A

reabsorption of water

41
Q

what happens at the ascending loop of Henle?

A

thin- reabsoption of NaCl through passive transport

thick- reabsoption of NaCl through active transport

42
Q

what happens at the distal tubule?

A

regulates potassium and NaCl

43
Q

what happens at the collecting duct?

A

carries filtrate to renal pelvis to be excreted

44
Q

how does osmolarity stay the same in the proximal tubule when filtrate voloume decreases?

A

A large amount of water and salt is reabsorbed from the filtrate as it flows through the proximal tubule in the renal cortex. As a result, the filtrate’s volume decreases substantially, but its osmolarity remains about the same.

45
Q

a longer loop of Henle will?

A

have more water conserved

46
Q

what is the juxtamedullary nephron?

A

helps mammals to get rid of salts and nitrogenous wastes without wasting water, pee concentrater

47
Q

whats up with the vampire bat?

A

it may not know when its next meal will be so itll pig out when he finds one. he’ll drink so fucking much that he gets too heavy but never fear his liver goes into MAXIMUM OGREDRIVE to help the little guy pee dilute urine. back at home the guy needs to process his high-protein meal so his liver shifts to producing a more concentrated pee

48
Q

what influence kidneys?

A

circadian clock

bio 213 (19 decks)

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