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chapter 45 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are animal hormones?

A

chemical signals secreted in extracellular fluid, send messages

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2
Q

where do hormones circulate?

A

throughout body through blood/hemolymph

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3
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

chemical signalling by hormones

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4
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

transmit signals through body through neurons

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5
Q

how are signals transmitted between cell classified?

A

type: type of cell secretion
route: route taken by the cell when reaching its target

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6
Q

what is endocrine signaling?

A

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

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7
Q

what are the 4 goals of the endocrine signalling?

A
  1. maintain homeostasis
  2. mediates responses to environmental stimuli
  3. regulates growth and development
  4. triggers physical and behavioral changes for sexual maturity and reproduction
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8
Q

what is local regulator?

A

travels short distances by diffusion

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9
Q

what is paracrine signalling?

A

the target cells lie near their secreting cell

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10
Q

what is autocrine signalling?

A

the target cell is the same cell as the signalling cell

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11
Q

what roles do paracrine and autocrine play?

A

blood pressure, nervous system, reproduction

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12
Q

what are prostaglandins in males?

A

produce semen

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13
Q

what are prostaglandins in females?

A

stimulate uterine walls to contract so sperm can find eggs and also induces labor

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14
Q

what are prostaglandins in the immune system?

A

cause contractions, inflammation, and pain

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15
Q

how does aspirin and ibuprofin work?

A

block prostaglandins to reduce pain

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16
Q

what is synaptic signalling?

A

neurons form synapses with target cells (not local)

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17
Q

what are synapses?

A

junction between 2 or more cells

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18
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

diffuse a very short distance and bind to receptors on the target cells, play a role in memory, movements, and learning

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19
Q

what is the neuroendocrine signaling?

A

neurosesecretory cells secrete neurohormones

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20
Q

what are neurohormones?

A

diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream (ex. antidiuretic hormone which is essential to kidney function and water balance)

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21
Q

what are pheromones?

A

chemicals released externally (ex, leads ants to food, attract mates)

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22
Q

what are the 3 classes of local regulators?

A
  1. modified fatty acid (insulin)
  2. polypeptides (cytokines and growth factors)
  3. gases
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23
Q

whats with nitric oxide?

A

is regulates vasodilation and increases blood flow in men

24
Q

how does viagra work?

A

prolongs activity of nitric acid in blood oxide

25
Q

what is epinephrine?

A

fight or flight hormone, can have different receptors and therefore different effects

26
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

do not have a duct that sends hormones out so they secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid (thyroids, gonads)

27
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

have a specific duct that carry secreted substances (salivary glands)

28
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

secretes melatonin that plays a role in regulation of biological rhythms

29
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

hormones released from posterior pituitary, releases and inhibits hormones regulate anterior pituitary

30
Q

what is the anterior pituitary gland?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone-stimulate ovaries and testes
prolactin-stimulates mammary gland cells
growth hormones-stimulates growth and metabloic functions

31
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin- stimulates contracts of uterus

vasopressin (ADH)- water retention of kidneys

32
Q

what is the thyroid gland?

A

secretes thyroid hormone- maintains metabolic processes

33
Q

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine- raise blood glucose, metabolic activites

34
Q

what is the adrenal cortex?

A

glucocorticoids-raise blood glucose level

mineralcorticoids-reabsorb sodium and secretion of potassium in kidneys

35
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

insulin-lowers blood glucose

glucagon- raises blood glucose level

36
Q

what happens when blood calcium is low?

A

skeletal muscles contract and cause convulsions

37
Q

what happens when blood calcium is high?

A

organ damage bc of formation of calcium phosphate

38
Q

what 2 antagonistic hormones regulate the homeostasis of calcium in mammals?

A

Parathyroid hormone in parathyroid gland

calcitonin in thyroid inhibits bone breakdown and causes kidneys to excrete more calcium

39
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

top of kidneys

40
Q

adrenal gland is made up of

A

the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

41
Q

when is epinephrine secreted?

A

short term life threatening events

42
Q

what are corticosteroids?

A

long term steroids, triggered by hormone cascade pathway via hypthalamus and anterior pituitary

43
Q

what are glucocortoids?

A

cortisol, antiflammatory, break down fats

44
Q

what are mineralcorticoids?

A

ion and water balances, increase blood pressure

45
Q

where are sex hormones produced?

A

donads, testes and ovaries

46
Q

what are sex hormones?

A

affect growth,development, reproductive cycles and sexual behaviors

47
Q

what are the 3 types of steroid sex hormones?

A

androgens, estrogens, and progestins

48
Q

what is the main androgen?

A

testosterone

49
Q

what is the main estrogen?

A

estradiol

50
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

stimulate development of male reproductive tract (low voice, body hair, muscle mass)

51
Q

what does bipotential gland do?

A

develops to be either girl/boy

52
Q

what is the anti-mullerian hormone?

A

cause female parts to degenerate

53
Q

what are estrogens?

A

development of female secondary characteristics?

54
Q

what do progestins and progesterones do?

A

prepare uterus to support the growth and development of an embryo

55
Q

what is an endocrine disrupter?

A

block function of normal hormone pathway

56
Q

what does the thyroid hormone do in frogs and humans?

A

tail absorption and weight, temp regulator, and tiredness

show hormones go through divergent evolution

57
Q

what does melanocyte-stimulating hormone in amphibians and mammals?

A

regulating pigmentation and deal with apeitite and pregnancy

bio 213 (19 decks)

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