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chapter 48 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are neurons?

A

the nerve cells that transfer information within the body

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2
Q

what is the significance if the cell body?

A

is where most of the organelles are located

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3
Q

what are dendrites?

A

highly branched extensions of a neuron

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4
Q

what is an axon?

A

an extension that transmits signals to other cells

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5
Q

what is an axon hillock?

A

cone shaped base of an axon, where signals travel down

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6
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a junction between cells

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7
Q

what is the synaptic terminal?

A

the part of each axon branch that forms a specialized junction

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8
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers

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9
Q

what is a presynaptic cell?

A

neuron where info is coming from

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10
Q

what is a postsynaptic cell?

A

gland/muscle where info is going to

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11
Q

long distance transfer is

A

electric

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12
Q

short distance transfer is

A

chemical

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13
Q

what is the glia?

A

surround neuron, regulate fluid, most abundant cell type in central nervous system

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14
Q

what are the 3 stages of information processing?

A

sensory input, integration, and motor output

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15
Q

what are sensory neurons?

A

transmit information about external stimuli

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16
Q

what are interneurons?

A

form the local circuits connecting neurons in the brain

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17
Q

what are motor neurons?

A

transmit signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract

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18
Q

what s the central nervous system?

A

neurons that carry out integration

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19
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

neurons that carry information into and out of the CNS

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20
Q

what is membrane potential?

A

ions are unequally distributed causing the cell to be negatively charged. attraction of opposite charges across the plasma membrane is a source of potential energy

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21
Q

what is resting potential?

A

potential of a neuron that is not sending a signal

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22
Q

what is a sodium-potassium pump?

A

uses ATP hydrolysis to actively transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. generates a net export of positive charge.

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23
Q

why are sodium and potassium important in resting potential?

A

ions each have a concentration gradient across the plasma membrane of a neuron

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24
Q

what are gated ion channels?

A

ion channels that open/close in response to stimuli

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25
Q

what are the 3 types of gated ion channels?

A

chemical, mechanical, and voltage

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26
Q

what is hyperpolarization?

A

increased magnitude of the membrane potential that makes the membrane more negative

27
Q

how does hyperpolarization work?

A

ions flow across membrane trough gated ion channels (potassium channels)

28
Q

what is depolarization?

A

a reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential, makes the inside less negative (sodium channels)

29
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

recovery time for membrane to be ready for the next stimulus

30
Q

what is a graded potential?

A

de/hyper polarization depends on strength of stimulus. amp is correlated to how powerful the stimulus is

31
Q

what is an action potential?

A

always leads to depolarization, massive change in membrane voltage. can regenerate, god for long distance signals

32
Q

how is action potential positive feedback?

A

sodium makes more channels to open

33
Q

what is a threshold?

A

when depolarization increases the membrane voltage to a particular value

34
Q

what is epilepsy?

A

affects sodium channels in brain makes nerves fire too much-> channels overexcited

35
Q

how is width of the axon related to the speed of action potential?

A

more width, more speed

36
Q

rate of conduction of action potential governs what?

A

speed of an animals response

37
Q

what is the myelin sheaths?

A

electrical insulation that surrounds vertebrate axons

38
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

glia that produced myelin sheaths in CNS

39
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

glia that produces myelin sheaths in the PNS

40
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier?

A

voltage-gated sodium channels restricted to gaps in the myelin sheaths

41
Q

what is multiple sclerosis?

A

autoimmune disease degrading myelin sheets

42
Q

what is guillain-barre syndrone?

A

damages nerve cells, death from lack of air.

43
Q

what is X-ALD?

A

geenetic disease where myelin sheets don’t develop

44
Q

what is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

A

virus, possibly fatal

45
Q

what is central pontine myelinolysis?

A

damage in myelin sheaths in brain, caused by diet, sodium levels decrease

46
Q

what are electrical synapses?

A

synapses that contain gap junstions that allow electrical current to flow directly from 1 neuron to another

47
Q

what are chemical synapses?

A

involve the release of a chemical neutotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron

48
Q

what is the presynaptic neuron?

A

releases chemical neurotransmitter

49
Q

what are synaptic vesicles?

A

packages ofneutrotransmitter in multiple membrane-encolsed compartments

50
Q

what are synaptic clefts?

A

separates pre/post synaptic cell

51
Q

what does signaling depend on?

A

type of neurotransmitter released at the presynaptic and the receptor produced at the postsynaptic membrane

52
Q

when does a signal end?

A

when the neurotransmitter is cleared from the synaptic cleft

53
Q

what is acetylcholine?

A

triggers voluntary muscle contractions, heartbeat, and excretion of certain hormones. found in CNS and PNS. many toxins affect it, change its transmission by inactivating/ hyperactivating muscles

54
Q

what is glutamate?

A

the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction in invertebrates

55
Q

what is GABA?

A

mood modulator, blocks nerve impulses in the brain, works opposite of glutamate, tells cells not to fire. low levels cause cells to get overexcited.

56
Q

what is valium?

A

brings GABA back into brain

57
Q

what are biogenic animes?

A

neurotransmitters synthesized from amino acids

58
Q

what is dopamine?

A

both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter

59
Q

what is seratonin?

A

inhibitory, regulates mood

60
Q

what is epinephrine?

A

fight or flight hormone, produced in adrenal gland ,

61
Q

what is norepinephrine?

A

noaderenaline

62
Q

what are neuropeptides (endorphins) ?

A

natural pain relievers

63
Q

what role does carbon monoxide play in neurotrasmitters?

A

regulates the release of hormones from hypothalamus

bio 213 (19 decks)

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