chapter 49 Flashcards
what is a nerve net?
interconnected neurons in most cnidarians
what are sponges?
very simple, lack organized nervous systems
what are nerves?
neurons bundled together
what is cephalization?
organization of nerves to the head, in bilaterally symmetrical animals
what are ganglia?
segmentally arranged neurons
how does the nervous system organization usually correlate with lifestyle?
noncomplex organisms usually have a noncomplex nervous system and vice versa
what is the cerebrospsinal fluid?
circulates slowly through the ventricles and central canal and drains into the veins, supplying the CNS with nutriments and hormones and carrying away wastes
what is gray matter?
made up of neuron cell bodies
what is white matter?
bundled axons
what does the spinal cord do?
conveys information to and from the brain and generates basic pattern of locomotion
what is a reflex?
the body’s automatic response to certain stimuli
study grpah of PNS
okay
the parasympathetic division and sympathetic usually work against each other except in
the reproductive system
what does the parasympathetic system usually control?
rest and relax
what does the sympathetic system usually control?
fight or flight
what are the 3 regions of the vertebrate brain?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
what is the forebrain in charge of?
learning+processing
what is the midbrain in charge of?
coordination of activities
what is the hindbrain in charge of?
involuntary movements
what kinda weird about the left and right brain?
they process information that comes in from the other side
what does the brain stem control?
visual reflex involuntary functions body movement
what does the epithealamus control?
sleep cycles and melatonin
what does the thalamus control?
biological clock, regulates pituitary galdn
what does the cerebellum control?
balance and learning motor kill
what is arousal?
state of awareness f ooutside environment
what is sleep?
received stimuli but we dont do anything
what is the reticular formation?
cluster of neurons partially filtering sensory input blocks old things and lets new things nter to learn
whats up with sleeping dolphins?
one side of the brain stays awake to look out for predators. right brain is awake so left fin is out and right fin is down.
what is the biological clock synchorized to?
light and dark cycles
where do we generate and experience emotions?
amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of thalamus
what part of the brain is most important for memory?
amygdala
why are the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of thalamus called the limbic system?
they border the brain stem
emotions are stored as
memories
what are sematosensory receptors?
provide information about touch pain pressure temp and position
what is broca’s area in the frontal love responsible for?
understand language but can’t speak
what is wernicke’s area responsible for?
can speak but cant understand it
what is the left hemisphere responsible for?
math and logic
what is the right hemisphere responsible for?
spatial relations, nonverbal thinking
what is lateralization?
the establishment of the differences in hemisphere function
what role does the corpus callosum play in the trreatment of epilepsy?
hemispheres are connected through the corpus callosum and as a last resort it is severed for epilepsy. hemispheres function independently
what happens when the frontal lobe is damaged?
bad decisions, emotions erratic
what is a frontal lobotomy?
severs connection between the prefrontal cortex and limbic system
what is neuronal plasticity?
the capacity for the nervous system to be remodeled, usually in response to its own activity, occurs at synapses
what is autism?
development disorder in synapses remodeling
why is autism on the rise?
we are able to diagnose it better due to awareness
what is short-term memory?
hold information and release it if its irrelevant, temporary links in the hippocampus
what is long term memory?
links are replaced with connections in the cerebral cortex
what is schizophrenia?
distorted perception of reality
what is major depressive disorder?
enjoyable activities are not longer interesting or provoking
what is bipolar disorder?
extreme mood swings
what is alzheimers disease?
mental deterioration, caused by plaques in the brain. symptoms include confusion, memory loss,.
what is parkinsons disease?
motor disorder
death of neurons in the midbrain
