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L9 - localisation Flashcards

1
Q

how thick is the cerebral cortex

A

2-4mm

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2
Q

role of gyri and sulci

A

increase surface area

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3
Q

lamina

A

layers of cortex

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4
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal and parietal lobes

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5
Q

lateral sulcus

A

divides the frontal and temporal lobes

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6
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal and occipital lobes

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7
Q

cingulate sulcus

A

runs parallel with corpus callocum

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8
Q

shape of cingulate sulcus

A

C shaped

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9
Q

where can the cingulate sulcus be seen

A

medial view

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10
Q

collateral sulcus

A

indicates position of parahippocampal gyrus

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11
Q

location of collateral sulcus

A

hooks backwards on itself to form a medially projected bump - uncus

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12
Q

which lobe is the collateral sulcus part of

A

temporal

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13
Q

role of limbic lobe

A

emotion and memory

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14
Q

uncas

A

bottom part of limbic lobe

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15
Q

uncal herniation

A

if the uncus herniates below the cerebella, resulting in the uncus pressing on the midbrain

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16
Q

potential sites of uncal herniation

A

beneath the free edges of the meninges

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17
Q

consequence of uncal herniation

A

compression on the brainstem

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18
Q

tonsils herniation

A

when tonsils in the cerebellum herniate and compress on the medulla oblongata

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19
Q

brodmann’s area

A

cortical map divided into 46 areas based on cellular organisation of the cerebral cortex

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20
Q

primary projection areas

A

perceive sensory or motor information

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21
Q

primary sensory areas

A

where specific sensory pathways terminate / how we perceive sensation

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22
Q

primary motor areas

A

specific motor pathways originate here

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23
Q

a lesion in Broca’s area can affect which artery?

A

middle cerebral artery

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24
Q

what do cerebral hemispheres include?

A

Include a dense core of white matter with an overlying thin layer of grey matter (cortex)

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25
Q

how many layers are there in the laminar arrangement of the cerebral cortex?

A

6

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26
Q

herniation of the brain below the tentorium cerebelli

A

uncal herniation

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27
Q

The parahippocampal gyrus hooks back on itself to form which structure?

A

the uncus

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28
Q

Which two gyri together form the limbic lobe?

A

Cingulate gyrus and parahippocampus gyrus

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29
Q

secondary projection sensory areas

A
  • Receive input from primary sensory area

- Involved in interpretation / understanding

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30
Q

secondary motor areas

A
  • Sends output to primary motor area

- Organises patterns of movement

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31
Q

location of primary motor cortex

A

pre-central gyrus

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32
Q

what does the primary motor cortex control?

A

voluntary contraction of specific muscles

it is somatotopically organised

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33
Q

what type of fibres are located in the PMC

A

descending motor fibres

34
Q

location of association motor areas

A

anterior to PMC

35
Q

BA 6 supplementary motor (sm) and pre-motor (pm) performs what movements?

A
  • learned complex motor activities
  • storage of those activities
    e. g., tying shoe laces
36
Q

BA 8 - frontal eye field location

A

frontal lobe

37
Q

BA 8 - frontal eye field performs what movements?

A

controls voluntary movements of the eyes

38
Q

BA 44, 45 (Broca’s area) controls what movements?

A

Regulates pattern of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech
- How you articulate your language

39
Q

location of Broca’s area

A

inferior frontal gyrus (typically localised to dominant hemisphere - usually left)

40
Q

what would happen in an injury to the precentral gyrus

A

impaired movement or paralysis

41
Q

what would happen in an injury to the motor associated areas

A

we would still be able move yet we would lose the ability to perform highly skilled movements

42
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

post-central gyrus

43
Q

The primary sensory cortex receives sensory pathways for which 5 senses?

A
  • touch
  • temperature
  • vibration
  • pain
  • proprioception
44
Q

Which 2 parts of the thalamus process sensory information, before relaying to the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

VPL (ventral posterior lateral) & VPM (ventral posterior medial) nuclei

45
Q

route of information to PSC

A
  • ascending sensory fibres towards post-central gyrus

- information is stopped in specific areas of the thalamus before relayed to the PSC

46
Q

thalamus nuclei

A

used to discriminate where the information is coming from

47
Q

Where does the lateral VPL receive input from?

A

From the leg and projects to the midline

48
Q

Where does the medial VPL receive input from?

A

From arm and projects to lateral region

49
Q

In somatotropin organisation, from lateral to medial, what is the order of the arms, legs, trunk and face?

A

Face
Arms
Trunk
Legs

FATL

50
Q

Where does the VPM receive input from?

A

From the face and projects to the lateral region

51
Q

location of association somatosensory areas - BA5,7

A

superior parietal lobe

52
Q

What is the role of BA5, 7 - association somatosensory areas?

A
  • interpretation, understanding and recognition
  • spatial analysis
  • identifies type of touch
53
Q

injury to association association somatosensory areas (BA5, 7)

A

tactile agnosia

  • cannot recognise the object they are touching
  • however can still feel it
54
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located (BA41, 41)?

A

Superior temporal gyrus (Heschl’s gyrus)

55
Q

What is the role of the primary auditory cortex (BA41, 42)?

A
  • conscious perception of sound
    (however does not know the meaning of the sound as it is a primary not secondary cortex)
  • it is tonotopically organised
56
Q

where does the primary auditory cortex receive signals from

A
  • vestibulocochlear nerve and the nerve sends projections to the thalamus
  • which knows where the information is coming from and where it needs to go
  • sends to superior temporal gyrus
57
Q

tonotopically organised

A
  • Specrum of auditble frequencies is mapped onto the primary auditory cortex
  • Lower frequencies are projected more medially
  • Higher frequencies are projected more posteriorly
58
Q

where are higher frequency sounds organised

A

more posteriorly

59
Q

Which part of the thalamus relays sound information to the primary auditory cortex?

A

Medial geniculate nucleus

60
Q

role of association auditory cortex BA22

A

gives meaning / significance to sound

61
Q

location of BA22 association auditory cortex

A

surrounds primary auditory area

62
Q

wernicke’s area

A

Interpretation of written or spoken word

63
Q

primary visual cortex BA17 location

A

Located in the area around calcarine sulcus and occipital lobe

64
Q

The primary visual cortex receives information from where?

A

The retina

65
Q

role of association visual area BA18,19

A
  • involved in interpretation of visual info

- recognises faces, objects

66
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion to the association visual areas?

A

Prosopagnosia

- the inability to recognise faces

67
Q

location / distribution the taste cortex?

A

Taste cortex extends from the inferior margin of the post central gyrus into the insula

68
Q

what is the general association cortex involved in?

A
  • involved in more complex aspects of behavioural and intellectual functioning
69
Q

What are the roles of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • regulates moods and feelings
  • involved in higher order cognitive functions
  • involved in conceptualisation, planning and judgement
70
Q

What are the roles of the parieto-temporal cortex?

A
  • integrates information from different modalities
  • involved in memory
  • vision, hearing,touch and gives it all morning
71
Q

aphasia

A

loss of ability to use language for speech

72
Q

‘dys’

A

difficulty

73
Q

language centres within the dominant hemispheres

A

broca’s and wernicke’s

74
Q

location of broca’s area

A

inferior margin of the frontal lobe

75
Q

What is the difference between dysphasia and aphasia?

A 
dysphasia = difficulty with speech
aphasia = loss of ability to speak properly
76
Q

damage to broca’s area

A
  • motor/non-fluent aphasia

- inability to correctly articulate speech despite understanding it perfectrly

77
Q

damage to wernicke’s area

A
  • sensory / fluent aphasia
  • inability to understand language
  • when speaking, words come out fluently yet do not make sense
78
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

association fibres which connect areas within hemispheres

- important in connecting broca’s and wernicke’s area

79
Q

conduction aphasia

A
  • impaired repetition

- can understand information however pathway is damaged so cannot repeat as cannot articulate speech

80
Q

function of dominant hemisphere

A
  • Linguistic function

- Numerical skills

81
Q

non-dominant hemisphere

A
  • Spatial awareness
82
Q

apraxia

A

Damage to secondary motor areas leads to inability to carry out purposive movements, although there is no paralysis

control (38 decks)

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