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control > L6 - brainstem and cerebellum > Flashcards

L6 - brainstem and cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

conduit

A

allows passage of long pathways between brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

general functions of the brainstem

A
  • conduit
  • integrative
  • cranial nerves
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3
Q

reticular formation

A

control of consciousness, CVS, respiratory functions and perception of pain

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4
Q

integrative functions of the brainstem

A

receives motor information and modulates and influences this to make it more accurate and precise

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5
Q

main structures of the brainstem

A

midrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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6
Q

rostral location of the brainstem

A

midbrain is continuous with diencephalon

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7
Q

caudal location of brainstem

A

medulla is continuous with spinal cord

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8
Q

ventral location of the brainstem

A

lobed of the occipital bone

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9
Q

dorsal location of the brainstem

A

cerebellum

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10
Q

how many cranial nerves arise from the brainstem

A

10

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11
Q

ventricular structures running through the brainstrm

A

4th ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

location of 4th ventricle

A

between pons and medulla anteriorly and cerebellum posteriorly

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13
Q

location of cerebral aqueduct

A

level of midbrain

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14
Q

subdivisions of the brainstem

A

tectum
tegmentum
basal area

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15
Q

location of tectum

A

the roof
most dorsal
posterior to ventricular system

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16
Q

location of tegmentum

A

anterior to ventricular system

cranial nerve pathways and nuclei found here

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17
Q

location of basal area

A

most ventral

descending motor fibres found here

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18
Q

locked in syndrome

A

results from stroke at the level of the pons

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19
Q

why do eyes still move in locked in syndrome

A

these nerves arise above the pons

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20
Q

why are heart and breathing unaffected in locked in syndrome

A

we find these centres in the tegmentum

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21
Q

junction between pons and medulla

A

pontomedullary junction

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22
Q

pyramids

A

bumps in the brainstem as there is white matter fibres or cell bodies of neurones underneath them

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23
Q

decussation of pyramids

A

interrupt the anterior medial fissure and consists of descending motor fibres crossing over from one pyramid to the other

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24
Q

what separates the pyramids and olives

A

antero-lateral sulcus

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25
Q

where to olives lie

A

lateral to pyramids

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26
Q

hypoglossal nerve origin

A

antero-lateral sulcus

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27
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the postero-lateral sulcus

A

9,10,11

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory

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28
Q

where is the postero-lateral sulcus

A

lateral to olives

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29
Q

rhomboid fossa

A

floor of 4th ventricle

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30
Q

which side of the medulla are pyramids and olives found

A

ventral

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31
Q

on which side of the medulla can the floor of the 4th ventricle be seen

A

dorsal

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32
Q

structures seen on dorsal view of medulla

A

cuneate tubercle
gracile tubercle
cuneate facsiculus
gracile fasciculus

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33
Q

what are tubercles

A

swellings of fascicule at the top

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34
Q

what lies underneath the gracile and cuneate tubercles

A

white matter fibres and nuclei

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35
Q

which fibres are located on the dorsal side of the medulla

A

ascending sensory fibres

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36
Q

where are descending motor fibres found

A

desiccation of pyramids on ventral view of medulla

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37
Q

where are ascending sensory fibres found

A

dorsal view if medulla

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38
Q

most rostral part of the medulla

A

open medulla

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39
Q

most caudal part of the medulla

A

closed medulla

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40
Q

obex

A

marks the point where the 4th ventricle ends and becomes continious with the central canal which passes through the caudal medulla and into the spinal cord

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41
Q

closed medulla structures

A
  • central canal in the middle
  • cuneate and gracile tubercle at dorsal end
  • pyramids at vental end
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42
Q

open medulla structures

A
  • 4th ventricle
  • no tissue of the medulla posteriorly
  • olives looks like squashed paper bags
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • basal area and tegmenjtum visible
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43
Q

junction between midbrain and pons

A

ponto-mesencephalic junction

44
Q

function of pons

A

bridges two cerebellar hemispheres

45
Q

fibres on pons

A

transverse pontine fibres

46
Q

basilar groove

A

where basilar artery sits

47
Q

which cranial nerves originate from the pons

A

5,6,7,8

trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

48
Q

where does CN6 originate

A

lateral to the midline of the pons

49
Q

where does CN7 and CN8 originate

A

cerebellarpontene angle

50
Q

cerebellarpontene

A

junction between pons and cerebella

51
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

where the brainstem attaches to the cerebella

52
Q

superior cerebella peduncle

A

cerebellum to midbrain

53
Q

middle cerebella peduncle

A

cerebellum to pons

54
Q

inferior cerebella peduncle

A

cerebellum to medulla

55
Q

which peduncle connects the cerebellum to the medulla

A

interior

56
Q

which peduncle connects the cerebellum to the pons

A

middle

57
Q

which peduncle connects the cerebellum to the midbrain

A

superior

58
Q

facial colliculis

A

bump existing as something underlying them - formed due to some fibres of the facial nerve

59
Q

structures in the tegmentum of the pons

A

starts picking up some of the middle cerebellar peduncle and cranial nerve nuclei

60
Q

where is the nucleus of the facial nerve seen

A

caudal pons

61
Q

nucleus of facial nerve

A
  • Some fibres loop around the nucleus of the abducens nerve to emerge at the cerebellapontene angle
  • These are called the internal genu of the facial nerve
62
Q

prominent features of rostral pons prosection

A
  • transverse fibres
  • cerebral aqueduct at dorsal end
  • basilar groove at dental end
63
Q

rostral junction of pons

A

pontomesencephalic

64
Q

caudal junction of the pons

A

pontomedullay

65
Q

where does CN5 enter

A

mid-pontine level

66
Q

main feature on dorsal view of pons

A

cerebellar peduncles

67
Q

rostral most component of the brainstem

A

midbrain

68
Q

key structures on the ventral view of the midbrain

A

maxillary bodies and cerebral peduncles

69
Q

continuations of the midbrain rostrally

A

diencephalon

70
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

a collection of descending motor fibres from the cortex

71
Q

interpeduncular fossa

A

space between the cerebral peduncles

72
Q

which cranial nerves emerge from the interpeduncular fossa

A

oculomotor

73
Q

where does CN4 emerge from

A

midbrain dorsally and makes its way around the midbrain

74
Q

most prominent features of the dorsal view of the midbrain

A

4 colliculi

  • 2 superior
  • 2 inferior
75
Q

importance of superior colliculi

A

visual system

76
Q

importance of inferior colliculi

A

auditory system

77
Q

how are the colliculi attached to the thalamus

A

projections called brachium

78
Q

what does the midbrain look like on a cross section

A

mickey mouse

79
Q

substantia nigra

A
  • contain dopamine containing neurones

- grey matter of the midbrain

80
Q

location of substantial nigra

A

posterior to cerebral peduncles

81
Q

most prominent feature of cross section of midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct on the dorsal end

82
Q

what do the cerebral peduncles look like on a cross section of the midbrain

A

mickey mouse ears

83
Q

ascending reticular activating system

A

pass to the cortex and involved in consciousness

84
Q

reticular nuclei

A

gives rise to descending motor pathway

85
Q

which artery lies over the abducens nerve

A

anterior cerebral artery

86
Q

location of oculomotor nerve CN3

A

sandwiched between superior cerebellar artery and posterior cerebral artery

87
Q

role of cerebellum

A

coordination of movement, maintenance of balance and posture

88
Q

location of cerebellum

A
  • under occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

- dorsal to the brainstem

89
Q

ventral view of cerebellum

A

like looking through the 4th ventricle (from pons)

90
Q

lobes of cerebellum

A

anterior and posterior

91
Q

how are the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum separated

A

primary fissure

92
Q

how are the hemispheres of the cerebellum separated

A

vermis

93
Q

floccunodular lobe

A

formed by the floccule and nodules in the middle of the cerebellum at the level of the horizontal fissure

94
Q

location of flocculi

A

tucked under peduncles

95
Q

location of tonsils

A

posterior to medulla

96
Q

what could happen to the cerebellum in an increase in intracranial pressure

A

herniation of the tonsils which could compress the medulla

97
Q

how is the cerebellum separated from the occipital lobes of the telencephalon

A

tentorium cerbelli

98
Q

what are peduncles

A

white matter tracts

99
Q

arterial supply to the cerebellum

A
  • posterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • superior cerebellar artery
  • anterior inferior cerebellar artery
100
Q

clinical signs of someone with cerebellar damage

A
  • intention tremor (low frequency tremor in the hand)
  • past pointing (inability to place a finger accurately on a selected point)
  • dysdiadochokinesis (Inability to execute rapidly alternating movements, particularly of the limbs)
  • uncontrollable eye movemnt
101
Q

test for dysdiadochokinesis

A

tapping the right hand fast on the back of the left hand

102
Q

test for past pointing

A

finger to nose test - ask them to touch your finger than their touch nose

103
Q

location of cerebral aqueduct

A

behind the midbrain

104
Q

origins of the brainstem

A

mesencephalon
myelencephalon
metencephalon

105
Q

structure which lies above the midbrain

A

diencephalon

106
Q

location of substantia nigra

A

posterior to peduncles in the midbrain

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