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1 - front of neck Flashcards

1
Q

level of the hyoid bone

A

C3

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2
Q

level of the thyroid cartilage

A

between C4-5

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3
Q

superior attachment of the hyoid bone

A

floor of the oral cavity

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4
Q

inferior attachment of the hyoid bone

A

larynx

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5
Q

posterior attachment of the hyoid bone

A

pharynx

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6
Q

adam’s apple

A

thyroid prominence

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7
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • largest cartilage
  • uppermost cartilage
  • c shaped rings
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8
Q

level of cricoid cartilage

A

C6

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9
Q

function of cricothyroid ligament / membrane

A

contracts and relaxes vocal ligaments

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10
Q

what is the dent in between the clavicles and above the manubrium called?

A

suprasternal notch

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11
Q

where is the suprasternal notch located

A

between the clavicles and above the manubrium

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12
Q

function of sternocleidomastoid muscle

A
  • flexes the neck
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13
Q

what would happen if the right sternocleidomastoid muscle contracted alone

A

the head would turn towards the left shoulder

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14
Q

nerve supply of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

spinal part of the accessory nerve

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15
Q

level of suprasternal notch

A

T2

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16
Q

origin for sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

medial end of the clavicle

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17
Q

insertion of sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

mastoid process

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18
Q

base of posterior triangle

A

middle 1/3 of clavicle

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19
Q

posterior boundary of posterior triangle

A

anterior edge of trapezius

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20
Q

anterior boundary of the posterior triangle

A

posterior edge of sternocleidomastoid muscle

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21
Q

contents of the posterior triangle

A
  • trunks of the brachial plexus
  • spinal accessory nerve
  • inferior belly of omohyoid muscles
  • external jugular vein
  • apex of lung
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22
Q

what could damage to the posterior triangle result in

A
  • damage to tanks of BP affecting motor function of the arm
  • pneumothorax due to puncture to the pleural membrane
  • damage to spinal accessory nerve
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23
Q

injury to the superior trunk of the BP

A

impaired shoulder abduction as C5 and C6 are injured

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24
Q

which muscles are supplied bu the accessory nerve

A

sternocleidomastoid

trapexius

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25
Q

external jugular vein route

A

descends from the mandible down the neck medially and laterally across the surface of the SCM muscle where it joins the subclavian vein at the clavicle

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26
Q

when does the external jugular vein drain into subclavian vein

A

middle of clavicle

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27
Q

lateral / posterior boundary of the anterior triangle

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

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28
Q

superior boundary / base of the anterior triangle

A

inferior border of the mandible

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29
Q

medial / anterior boundary of the anterior triangle

A

midline of the neck

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30
Q

contents of the anterior triangle

A
  • lobes of the thyroid gland
  • suprahyoid muscles
  • infra hyoid muscles
  • common carotid artery and divisions
  • internal jugular veins
  • cranial and peripheral nerves
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31
Q

infra hyoid muscles

A

sterohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohoid
sternothyroid

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32
Q

what muscles does the ansa cervicalis supply

A

sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyrid

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33
Q

level of ansa cervicalis

A

C2-3

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34
Q

innervation of thyroihoid

A

anterior rams of C1

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35
Q

function of supra hyoid muscles

A

swallowing

36
Q

functions of infra hyoid muscles

A

depress the hyoid bone during swallowing

37
Q

attachments of anterior belly of the digastric muscle

A

digastric fossa - grooves in the mandible

38
Q

attachments of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

A

mastoid process of the temporal bone

39
Q

innervation of anterior belly of digastric muscle

A

trigeminal nerve (CN3)

40
Q

innervation of posterior belly of digastric muscle

A

facial nerve (CN7)

41
Q

function of digastric muscle when mandible is fixed

A

raises the hyoid bone

42
Q

function of the digastric muscle when the hyoid bone is fixed

A

opens the mouth by lowering the mandible

43
Q

anterior components of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage
laryngeal prominence
cricoid cartilage
cricothyroid membrane

44
Q

cricothyroidotomy / laryngotomy

A

incision in the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish an airway in a life threatening situation when the airway is blocked above the level of the vocal cords

45
Q

tracheostomy

A

surgical procedure when a hole is made in the trachea and a tube is inserted to enable ventilation when there is obstruction to the larynx

46
Q

carotid sheath

A

thick layer of fascia in the neck

47
Q

three components of the carotid sheath

A

common carotid artery
vagus nerve
internal jugular vein

48
Q

functions of the IJV

A

drains blood from the brain, skull and superficial parts of the face and neck

49
Q

what can swelling of the IJV suggest

A

chronic lung disease
mediastinal tumours
infections

50
Q

divisions of the common carotid artery

A

external and internal carotid artery

51
Q

route of internal carotid artery

A

no branches

straight to the brain

52
Q

route of external carotid artery

A

branches in face and neck (8)

53
Q

at which vertebral level does the carotid bifurcation occur

A

C3-4

54
Q

function of vagus nerve

A
  • gives off branches which control speaking and swallowing

- innervates larynx

55
Q

larynx structures

A

epiglottis

vocal cords

56
Q

functions of the larynx

A
  • valve to close respiratory tract during swallowing

- phonation

57
Q

how is pitch altered

A

changing the length and tension of the vocal cords

58
Q

which muscles assist pitch

A

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

59
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

60
Q

branches of the vagus nerve

A

recurrent and superior laryngeal nerve

61
Q

innervation of cricothyroid muscle

A

superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

62
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the lips

A

trigeminal nerve

63
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the tongue

A

hypoglossal nerve

64
Q

where does the vagus nerve give off the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

arch of the aorta

65
Q

why does hoarseness sometimes occur following thyroid surgery

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve is closely related to the thyroid gland and thyroid surgery
hoarseness results from damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve resulting in vocal cord paralysis

66
Q

divisions of the superior laryngeal artery

A

external and internal laryngeal artery

67
Q

where does the superior laryngeal artery birfurcate

A

just above the hyoid bone

68
Q

what does the external laryngeal branch supply

A

cricothyroid muscle

69
Q

what does the internal laryngeal nerve supply

A

sensory fibres above the vocal cords

70
Q

divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

71
Q

what structure separates the nasopharynx and the oropharynx

A

soft palate

72
Q

what structure separates the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx

A

epiglottis

73
Q

what happens when the bolus of food hits the soft palate and why

A

tenses and elevates
helps to push the food down the oesophagus and closes the way to the nasal cavity so that no food can pass back to the nasal airways

74
Q

what happens when the bolus of food hits the hyoid bone and why

A

pulled forwards and upwards along with the larynx

open the laryngeal pharynx and tilt the epiglottis downwards over the laryngeal inlet

75
Q

role of epiglottis in swallowing

A

moves down to block the laryngeal inlet to prevent food entering the lower respiratory tract

76
Q

which muscles move food down the oesophagus

A

constrictor muscles

77
Q

innervation of the pharynx

A

pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

78
Q

vocal cords in respiration

A

open to allow the passage of air

79
Q

vocal cords in swallowing

A

closed / adducted to prevent food travelling down the trachea

80
Q

vocal cords in phonation

A

adducted and abducted / open and close

81
Q

phonation

A 
vocal cords are adducted
air is obstructed
pressure increases
vocal cords forced apart
air escapes
vocal cords close
rapid repetition of this results in vibrations and sound waves
82
Q

how to examine the thyroid gland

A

ask the patient to swallow

83
Q

location of isthmus of thyroid gland

A

2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

84
Q

thyroid gland blood supply

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

85
Q

blood supply of larynx

A

laryngeal branch of superior and inferior thyroid artery

86
Q

blood supply of pharynx

A

branches of facial, lingual and maxillary arteries

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