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control > L4 - blood supply to the brain > Flashcards

L4 - blood supply to the brain Flashcards

1
Q

what % of o2 consumption does the brain use

A

20

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2
Q

what happens with an increase in intracranial pressure

A
  • herniations or certain structures into other places

- compression of ventricles

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3
Q

TIA

A

transient ischaemic attack

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4
Q

main arteries which supply the brain

A
  • vertebral

- internal carotid

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5
Q

what is the vertebral artery a branch of

A

subclavian

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6
Q

how does the vertebral artery travel from neck to brain

A
  • Ascend in the neck through transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae
  • Enter skull via foramen magnum
  • fuse at base of brainstem to form basilar artery
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7
Q

basilar artery - how it forms

A

fusion of vertebral arteries at base of brainstem

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8
Q

what is the internal carotid artery a branch of

A

common carotid

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9
Q

where does the common carotid artery give off the internal and external carotid artery

A

neck

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10
Q

how many branches does the external artery supply to the face

A

8

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11
Q

how does the internal carotid artery enter the skull

A

carotid canals in temporal bone

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12
Q

where does the internal carotid artery emerge

A

other side of optic chiasm

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13
Q

where are the characteristic bands of the internal carotid artery

A

cavernous sinus

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14
Q

how many pairs of cerebellar arteries does the vertebral artery give off

A

3

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15
Q

what are the pairs of arteries which the vertebral artery gives off

A
  • posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
  • superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
  • posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
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16
Q

which arteries does the vertebral artery give off

A
  • posterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • anterior spinal artery
  • posterior spinal artery
  • anterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • basilar artery
  • superior cerebellar artery
  • posterior cerebral artery
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17
Q

how many branches of the vertebral artery are there

A

7

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18
Q

posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

A

supplies the posterior and inferior surface of the cerebellum

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19
Q

anterior spinal artery

A

anterior aspect of spinal cord

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20
Q

posterior spinal artery

A
  • posterior aspect of spinal cord

- In some people they come from the VA and in some people, they come from the PICA

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21
Q

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

supplies anterior and inferior portions of the cerebellum

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22
Q

basilar artery

A

Tiny branches in the surface of the pons of the brainstem: transverse pontine branches – supply the anterior aspect of the pons

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23
Q

superior cerebellar artery

A

tucks under and supplies the superior aspect of the cerebellum

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24
Q

posterior cerebral artery

A
  • terminal branch of the basilar artery

- supplies posterior aspect of the cerebrum

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25
Q

terminal branch of the basilar artery

A

posterior cerebral artery

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26
Q

branches of the internal carotid artery

A

middle cerebral artery

anterior cerebral artery

27
Q

paired branches of the internal carotid artery

A

middle cerebral artery

28
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

Supply the middle and lateral portions of the cerebrum

29
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

Tucks under the midline portion of each hemisphere to supply its anterior and medial aspect

30
Q

circle of willis

A

Anastomotic loop interconnecting the internal carotid and vertebral / basilar system

31
Q

function of circle of willis

A

ensures collateral circulation if decreased blood flow if one vessel is occluded

32
Q

location of circle of willis

A

surrounds optic chiasma and hypothalamus

33
Q

constituents of the circle of willis

A
  • anterior, middle , posterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior and posterior communicating arteries
  • internal carotid arteries
  • basilar artery
34
Q

examples of variations within the circle of willis

A
  • Absence of anterior communicating artery
  • Both anterior cerebral arteries come from the same internal carotid artery (1 common trunk)
  • Under-developed / not present posterior communicating artery
  • Under-developed / not present posterior communicating artery x2
  • Under-developed PCA x1
  • Under-developed PCA x2
35
Q

when does a berry aneurysm occur

A

weakening of the wall, especially when the arteries are highly branched

36
Q

what % of strokes are caused by a berry aneurysm

A

10%

37
Q

what does the ACA supply

A

superior and medial area of the frontal and parietal lobes and the corpus callosum

38
Q

what does the MCA supply

A

lateral areas of the frontal, temporal and parietal

39
Q

what does the PCA supply

A

occipital lobe and inferior and medial surface of the temporal lobe

40
Q

striate arteries

A

deep / perforating arteries

41
Q

functions of striate arteries

A
  • grey matter
  • thalamus
  • deep white matter
  • internal capsule
  • supply includes descending motor pathway
42
Q

internal capsule

A

major fibre bundle to and from cerebral cortex and aids motor functions

43
Q

watershed areas

A

regions which receive blood supply from distal areas of adjacent cerebral arteries

44
Q

what happens to watershed areas when there is a drop in pressure

A

neither of the distal branches reach the areas which can result in a susceptible ischaemia

45
Q

where do superficial veins drain into

A

straight into the dural sinuses

46
Q

where do deep veins drain into

A

great cerebral vein –> straight sinus –> confluence of sinuses

47
Q

cavernous sinus

A

located lateral to the body of the sphenoid bone

48
Q

confluence of sinuses

A

where the superior sagittal, straight and transverse sinuses meet

49
Q

where does venous blood drain into from the confluence of sinuses

A

internal jugular veins

50
Q

clinical relevance of cavernous sinus anatomy

A

Infections are likely to reach the cavernous sinus if there is injury to the ‘danger triangle’ of the face

51
Q

what is the danger triangle

A

here, veins which have direct communication to the cavernous sinus

52
Q

examples of infections which can spread into the cranial cavity from the cavernous sinus

A
  • meningitis

- cavernous sinus thrombosis

53
Q

clinical features of cavernous sinus thrombosis

A
  • headaches
  • oedema of the eyeball
  • numbness of the face
  • palsies of cranial nerves
54
Q

location of meningeal artery

A

periostial dura

55
Q

bridging veins

A

the way in which the superficial cerebral arteries empty into the superior sinus

56
Q

how to the bridging veins enter the superior sagittal sinus

A

pierce the arachnoid before piercing the superior sagittal sinus

57
Q

where are the cerebral arteries and veins

A

subarachnoid space

58
Q

epidural / extradural haemorrhage

A

torn meningeal artery

59
Q

subdural haemorrhage

A

torn bridging veins

60
Q

subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

torn cerebral arteries

61
Q

location of superior sagittal sinus

A

along the edge of the falx cerebri

62
Q

cerebrovascular accident = CVA

A

a stroke

63
Q

when does a CVA occur

A

when the blood vessel is occluded and the brain becomes infracted

64
Q

communicating arteries

A

little blood - the blood will flow from one direction to another if there is blockage in the system using these communicating vessels

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