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control > L11 - spinal cord and spinal nerves > Flashcards

L11 - spinal cord and spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q

ganglia

A

grouping of cell bodies in the PNS

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2
Q

nerve

A

collection of axons

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3
Q

fascicule / tracts / pathways

A

collection of white matter fibres in the CNS

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4
Q

location of spinal cord

A

extends from foramen magnum to L1/2

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5
Q

where does the spinal cord terminate

A

conus medullaris

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6
Q

how do spinal nerves leave

A

intervertebral foramina

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7
Q

cauda equina

A

Spinal nerves continue to emerge to leave below the conus medullaris

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8
Q

thicker part of the spinal cord

A

cervical / lumbar

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9
Q

thinner part of the spinal cord

A

thoracic

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10
Q

filum terminale

A

proves an inferior attachment for the spinal cord

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11
Q

what is contained in the dural sac

A

CSF

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12
Q

how many spinal nerve segments are there

A

31

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13
Q

lumbar cisterm

A

region of the dural sac –> most common site for LP

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14
Q

location of conus medullaris

A

L1-2

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15
Q

cervical enlargement

A

brachial plexus

C1-C8

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16
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

lumbosacral plexus

L1-S2

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17
Q

why are cervical and lumbar regions thicker

A

lots of neurones for motor control which innervate the upper and lower limb

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18
Q

where do C- spinal nerves leave

A

above corresponding spinal level

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19
Q

how many C spinal vertebrae are there

A

7

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20
Q

how many C spinal nerves are there

A

8

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21
Q

why are there more spinal nerves than spinal vertebrae

A

in the C-spine, spinal nerves leave above corresponding spinal level
In the T spine, spinal nerves leave below their corresponding spinal level

there is therefore a gap for spinal nerve C8 to leave above T1 (below C7)

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22
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

extensions of the Pia which secure the spinal cord as they emerge and attach to the dura

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23
Q

epineurium

A

a protective outer sheath of connective tissue for each spinal nerve

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24
Q

how is the epineurium formed

A

spinal nerve and meningeal coverings

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25
Q

what is contained within the real epidural space

A

fat

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26
Q

location of epidural/extradural space

A

between dura and vertebrae

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27
Q

explain differential growth between vertebral column and the spinal cord

A
  • vertebral column grows faster compared to spinal cord

- spinal cord regresses and ascends upwards

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28
Q

termination of spinal cord in children

A

L3

29
Q

coccyx

A

filum terminale

30
Q

where to insert needle in lumbar puncture

A

anywhere around L3 - lumbar cistern

31
Q

what structure allows for lumbar puncture at lumbar cistern

A

Cauda equina

- nerve roots will just move away gently when the needle is inserted

32
Q

when is a lumbar puncture not indicated

A

patients with increased inter cranial pressure

  • a pressure differential would be created
  • CSF would escape
  • brain could herniate
33
Q

why should a patient bend their back when receiving a lumbar puncture

A
  • ligaments will stretch so there is room to insert the needle
34
Q

what structure are you hitting when you hear a pop in a lumbar puncture

A

ligamentum flavum

35
Q

epidural anaesthesia

A
  • Still puncture ligamentum flavum, however, do not go as deep
  • Popular to insert at region of sacrum for pregnant women as this will numb the nerves around the perineum
36
Q

vasculature of spinal cord

A

anterior and posterior spinal arteries and nerves

37
Q

how are anterior and posterior spinal arteries enforced

A

segmental spinal arteries

38
Q

medullary artery

A

originates from segmental spinal arteries

- reinforces asa in the anterolateral aspects of the cord

39
Q

anterior and posterior radicular artery

A

supplies spinal nerve rootlets

40
Q

dorsal horn

A
  • many synapses occur

- mainly of sensory neurones

41
Q

lateral horn

A

origin of preganglionic visceral motor neurones of the sympathetic and parasmypathetic nervous system

42
Q

ventral horn

A

motor neurones which innervate muscles

43
Q

ventral white commissure

A

allows for communication / crossing of fibres from hemispheres

44
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

connections outside of the brain

45
Q

afferent fibres

A

sensory

- sends info TO CNS

46
Q

efferent fibres

A

motor

- sends into AWAY FROM CNS

47
Q

how is CNS connected to PNS

A

spinal cord is connected to PNS via nerve rootlets

48
Q

how to nerve rootlets leave the CNS

A

ventral - leave anterolateral sulcus

dorsal - leave posterolateral sulci

49
Q

what do ventral and dorsal nerve rootlets combine to form

A

segmental spinal nerve

50
Q

what do afferent sensory fibres do once entering the spinal nerve

A

segregate to the dorsal root ganglia

51
Q

what happens in the ventral horn

A

cell bodies of somatic motor neurones leave the cord and join the spinal nerve (via the ventral root)

52
Q

when does the reflex arc occur

A
  • No time to for info to process properly
  • Quick response
  • Occurs at level of spinal cord
53
Q

reflex arc

A
  • sensory afferent fibres travel to CNS using dorsal route
  • synapse with interneurones
  • interneurones relay information to cel body of efferent neurones
  • leave ventral horn and use ventral route of spinal nerve and use the PNS to go to the muscle it is stimulating
54
Q

which part of the spinal cord has the most white matter

A

cervical

55
Q

why does the cervical cord have the most white matter

A

Increasing fibres relaying information from all over the body

56
Q

how does white matter change throughout the cord

A

increases as cord ascends

57
Q

where in the spinal cord are ventral grey horns enlarged

A
  • where motor fibres to limbs arise

- cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

58
Q

location of lateral horn

A

T1-L2

S2-S4

59
Q

where in the spinal cord are there 2 dorsal columns on either side of the midline

A

above T6

60
Q

what are the 2 dorsal columns on either side of the midline

A
  • Gracile fascicle medially

- Cuneate fascicle laterally

61
Q

dorsal columns below T6

A

1 or no fascicles

62
Q

how is grey matter divided into regions

A
  • sites of sensory or motor nuclei

- extends varying length of cord

63
Q

is the dorsal horn motor or sensory

A

sensory

64
Q

is the ventral horn motor or sensory

A

motor

65
Q

lissauer’s tract

A

where sensory fibres enter to synapse to their corresponding lamina of grey matter

66
Q

role of dorsal columns

A

sen ascending sensory information

  • fine touch
  • vibrations
  • pressure
  • joint position
67
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

descending motor neurones for voluntary control of muscles

68
Q

ventral corticospinal tract

A

descending motor fibres for voluntary movement

69
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

ascending sensory fibres

  • crude touch
  • pain
  • temperature

control (38 decks)

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