L3- Brain, Meninges Flashcards
rostral
the front end of the body, specifically in the region of the nose and mouth
caudal
towards the tail
cortex
thin layer of grey matter on the outside of the brain
ganglion
a collection of nerve cell bodies within the PNS
lateral sulcus
separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
separates the frontal and parietal lobes
what is the corpus callous composed of
white matter
what is the corpus callous part of
telencephalon
what is the corpus callous supplied by
anterior cerebral artery
function of corpus callosum
connects two hemispheres to ensure the sides of the brain communicate with one another
which nervous system is the optic nerve part of
CNS
3 meningeal layers
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
appearance of dura mater
tough
fibrous
protective
appearance of arachnoid mater
thin
delicate
vascular
spider’s web
appearance of Pia mater
microscopically thin
follows gyri and sulci
what is the dura mater formed from
periosteal outer layer lining the inside of the skull and a meningeal layer
periosteal dura mater
highly adhered to the dura of the skull
meningeal dura mater
tightly adhered to the arachnoid space
space between arachnoid mater and Pia mater
subarachnoid space containing CSF
functions of CSF
- Acts as a shock absorber (protection)
- Acts as a medium for circulation of nutrients
- Waste removal
dural infoldings / partitions / septae
where the inner dural layer separates from the outer layer and protrude into the cranial cavity
location of falx cerebri
located between the 2 cerebral hemispheres
attachments of falx cerebri
frontally - crista galli
posteriorly - occipital bone
which dural septum extends down between the two cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
which dural septum extends between the occipital lobes of the hemispheres and the cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
which dural septum protrudes into the cerebellar hemispheres
falx cerebelli
what is the function of the dural infoldings
Subdivide the cranial cavity and support the brain by limiting the rotational displacement of the brain
which dural venous sinus runs along the lines of the attachment of the tentorium cerebelli and the falx cerebri
superior sagital sinus
dural venous sinuses
spaces created due to separation of the dura layers
attachments of tentorium cerebelli
occipital bone along the grooves of the transverse sinuses
function of dural venous sinuses
reabsorbs venous blood and cerebrospinous fluid
epidural space
fat between bone and dura –> NOT IN THE CRANIUM
denticulate ligaments
pia mater ligaments which attach the spinal cord on either side to the arachnoid mater and then to the dura mater
potential space
not an actual space, except in pathological conditions
what are arachnoid granulations / villi
- Projections from the arachnoid which project into the sinuses in the superior surfaces of the brain
- CSF returns to the venous system through these arachnoid villi
potential space in the cranial meninges
between the dura and arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space in the cranial meninges
between arachnoid and Pia mater
which vessel provides the arterial supply to the dura mater
meningeal artery
which artery supplies blood to the dura mater of the anterior cranial fossa
anterior meningeal arteries
which artery supplies blood to the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa
middle and accessory meningeal arteries
which artery supplies blood to the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa
posterior meningeal artery
why are there many C shaped structures in the brain
telencephalon over grows meaning it folds over the diencephalon, adopting a C shape
location of 3rd ventricle
between two thalami
location of 4th ventricle
between pons and cerebellum
where is the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle located
frontal lobe
where is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle located
occipital lobe
which foramina attaches the lateral ventricles to the 3rd and 4tth ventricle
interventricular foramina / foramen of Monroe
foramen of Monroe
connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd and 4tth ventricle
what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
which foramen allow for the movement of CSF in the 4th ventriclr
- foramina of Luschka - lateral apertures
- foramen of Magendie - median apertures
where is the foramina of Luschka and the foramen of Magendie located
4th ventricle
choroid fissure
a collection of blood vessels and specialised cells located in-between the arachnoid and pita meter
function of choroid fissure
- filter blood from the capillaries
- change ion concentration
- removal of proteins
- produce CSF
cisterns
expansions of the subarachnoid space
where are cisterns located
everywhere in the brain and spinal cord
favoured sampling site for CSF
lumbar cistern
why is the lumbar cistern the favoured sampling site for CSF
a needle can be inserted here with a relatively little risk of damaging the CNS as the spinal cord ends above this
how is CSF recycled back into the venous system
via the dural sinuses with the help of arachnoid villi
Hydrocephalus
Is CSF circulation is blocked, it accumulates upstream of the blockage
Hydrocephalus in children
- Ventricles will expand
- In children, it can cause the skull to expand with the ventricles
- will result in an enlarged brain
Hydrocephalus in adults
- Ventricles will expand
- In adults, bone cannot expand resulting in compression in the brain
if there is blockage in the in interventricular foramen, which ventricle will expand in hydrocephalus
lateral ventricles
ventricles in the brain
2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
where are the lateral ventricles located
in each hemisphere of the brain
what shape are the lateral ventricles
C shaped
what happens to the brain when a person has dementia
grey matter shrinkssulci and gyri become more prominent
maxillary bodies
part of the hypothalamus
where is the infundibulum / pituitary stalk located
behind the optic chiasma
what is the infundibulum / pituitary stalk
connected to the pituitary gland as is an extension of the diencephalon
collections of axons on the PNS
nerve
Fasciculus
a collection of axons in the CNS
- Usually, part of a pathway that brings information from somewhere to somewhere else
- Can be contained within tracts
tract
a bundle of axons and white matter sharing an origin and destination in the CNS
