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control > L17 - autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

L17 - autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

somatic motor fibres

A

efferent fibres to skeletal muscles which leave via ventral root

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2
Q

somatic sensory fibres

A

afferent fibres from receptors to spinal cord which enter via dorsal root

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3
Q

how many segmental spinal nerves are there

A

31

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4
Q

autonomic motor

A

efferent fibres to small muscles, cardiac muscles or glands

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5
Q

autonomic sensory

A

afferent fibres from sensory receptors in an internal organ

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6
Q

where are autonomic fibres carried

A

within segmental spinal nerves T1-L2 and S2-S4 or specific cranial nerves

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7
Q

function of autonomic sensory neurones

A
  • conduct sensory impulses from viscera to CNS
  • tells CNS about state of organ
  • responsible for referred pain
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8
Q

referred pain

A

pain sensations from visceral organs which are often perceived as regions of the body surface innervated by the same spinal nerves

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9
Q

how does refereed pain work (theory)

A

somatic afferent fibres from skin and visceral afferent fibres (autonomic sensory) follow the same pathway as they enter the CNS so the brain interprets information as if pain is coming from skin rather than the organ

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10
Q

location of preganglionic neurone

A

cell body in CNS

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11
Q

location of postganglionic neurones

A

cell body in PNS

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12
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

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13
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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14
Q

outflow in sympathetic NS

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

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15
Q

outflow in parasympathetic NS

A

craniosacral

  • brainstem (CN3, 7, 9, 10)
  • S2-S4
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16
Q

organisation in sympathetic NS

A

highly organised in sympathetic chain

  • paravertebral
  • prevertebral / collateral ganglia
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17
Q

paravertebral meaning

A

chain is parallel to spinal cord

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18
Q

prevertebral meaning

A

lie outside the chain

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19
Q

organisation in the parasympathetic NS

A

ganglia are located near the effector organ

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20
Q

effect of sympathetic NS

A

widespread

21
Q

effect of parasympathetic NS

A

localised

22
Q

comparison of outflow in sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

A

sympathetic:
- thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

parasympathetic:
- craniosacral (brainstem and S2-S4)

23
Q

comparison of organisation in sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

A

sympathetic:
- highly organised

parasympathetic:
- ganglia located near effector organ

24
Q

comparison of effect in sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

A

sympathetic:
- widespread

parasympathetic:
- localised

25
Q

neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic division

A

acetylcholine

26
Q

length of axons in parasympathetic division

A

preganglionic neurones are long but postganglionic axons are short as are located near effector organ

27
Q

route of parasympathetic division

A
  • axons leave brainstem using CN3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-S4
  • synapse in the ganglion
  • Ach released by preganglionic neurones to stimulate postganglionic neurones
  • sends axons towards target organ
28
Q

main parasympathetic nerve of the viscera of the trunk

A

vagus nerve

CN10

29
Q

route of vagus nerve in parasympathetic stimulation

A
  • leaves from medulla oblongata
  • descends into thorax and abdomen
  • synapse near target organ
  • proves parasympathetic supply to these organs
30
Q

preganglionic neurotransmitter in sympathetic NS

A

acetylcholine

31
Q

postganglionic neurotransmitter in sympathetic NS

A

noradrenaline (apart from sweat glands)

32
Q

types of widespread effects in sympathetic nervous system

A
  • neuronal divergence

- adrenal medulla

33
Q

neuronal divergence

A

one preganglionic fibre can synapse with many postganglionic neurones

34
Q

adrenal medulla in the widespread effect of sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Some preganglionic fibres travel directly to the adrenal medulla (modified postganglionic) cells
  • Do not synapse with any ganglion
  • Cells of medulla are analogous to postganglionic cells
  • Release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream
35
Q

where do sympathetic fibres run through

A
  • sympathetic chain

- prevertebral / collateral ganglia

36
Q

sympathetic trunk / chain

A

interconnected chain of autonomic ganglia located on either side of the entire vertebral column (paravertebral)

37
Q

routes of sympathetic outflow

A
  • synapse at level of entry - paravertebral ganglia
  • pass through trunk without synapsing to synapse in collateral ganglia or adrenal medulla
  • ascend or descend in the trunk to synapse with another ganglion
38
Q

white rams communicans

A
  • Contains myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibres

- Only between T1-L2

39
Q

gray rami communicant

A
  • Contains unmyelinated postganglionic fibres

- All levels of the cord

40
Q

rami communicantes

A

additional structures in the sympathetic division which are communicating branches

41
Q

sympathetic effects in autonomic control of heart rate

A
  • Preganglionic fibres leave cord from T2-4 levels of thoracic cord
  • Find a postganglionic neuron in different levels of sympathetic chain
  • Sympathetic chain travels towards the heart via cardiac plexus
  • heart contraction is stimulated
  • heart rate increases
42
Q

sympathetic effects in autonomic control of respiratory volume

A
  • Preganglionic fibres leave cord from T2-4 levels of thoracic cord
  • Find a postganglionic neuron in different levels of sympathetic chain
  • Sympathetic chain travels towards the lungs via the pulmonary plexus
  • Short pre and long post ganglionic neurone
  • dilation of bronchi stimulated
  • increase oxygen to produce more energy
43
Q

parasympathetic control on heart rate and respiratory volume

A
  • Chief parasympathetic nerve to thoracic organs is vagus nerve which leaves from medulla oblongata (posterolateral sulcus)
  • Associated parasympathetic nucleus in brainstem contains preganglionic cell bodies and axons leave via long vagus nerve and descend to the thorax to reach the target organs
  • Synapse occurs here
  • inhibits contraction to decrease heart rate
  • constriction of bronchi to reduce air flow to lungs
44
Q

glossopharyngeal afferent fibres

A
  • carotid body and the carotid sinus are structures close to the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid arteries
  • constantly monitor BP and oxygen levels
  • fibres travel from glossopharyngeal nerve from medulla to give information to from brain about these levels
45
Q

sympathetic control on defecation

A
  • prevents rectum emptying
  • collateral ganglion
  • postganglionic fibres travel towards colon and rectum
  • prevent peristalsis and emptying of rectum
46
Q

parasympathetic control on defecation

A
  • fibres leave via S2,3
  • innervations induce peristalsis and emptying of rectum
  • stimulated by stretch receptors in rectum which senses levels of distention by increases levels of stools
47
Q

pudendal nerve

A
  • Pudendal nerve is always inducing contraction of external anal sphincter, preventing defecation most of the time
  • When we voluntary want to go to the toilet, there is a voluntary inhibition of the contraction of the external anal sphincter
48
Q

why do infants not have control over their rectum

A

no pudendal nerve present

49
Q

hypothalamus and ANS

A

hypothalamus exerts overall control on ANS

control (38 decks)

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