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control > L18 - the skin > Flashcards

L18 - the skin Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the skin

A 
protection
metabolic function
thermoregulation
sensory organ
rapid repair of injuries
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2
Q

metabolic function of the skin

A

vitamin D

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3
Q

protection function of the skin

A

moisture control
barrier to pathogens
barrier to UV

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4
Q

3 main layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutis

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5
Q

epidermis cell type

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelial

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6
Q

epidermis

A
  • produces keratin
  • no blood vessels
  • constantly being shed
  • direct contact with the outside
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7
Q

layers of the dermis

A

papillary dermis

reticular dermis

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8
Q

dermis cell type

A

fibrous and fibroadipose tissue which supports the epidermis physically and metaboilcally

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9
Q

dermis

A
  • contains blood vessels
  • contains nerves and sensory organs
  • contains some muscles
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10
Q

subcutis cells

A

adipose tissue with supporting fibrous bands

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11
Q

subcutis

A
  • large blood vessels
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12
Q

which layer of the skin has no blood vessels

A

epidermis

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13
Q

what type of epithelium is epidermis

A

continually proliferating

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14
Q

thick skin

A
  • no hair follicles
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15
Q

5 layers of the epidermis (in thick skin)

A
  • basal layer (stratum basale)
  • prickle cell layer (startup spinosum)
  • granular layer (stratum granulosum)
  • stratum lucidum (skin of sole)
  • keratin layer (stratum corneum)
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16
Q

layers of the epidermis in thin skin - only 4

A
  • basal layer (stratum basale)
  • prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum)
  • granular layer (stratum granulosum)
  • keratin layer (stratum corner)
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17
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • Nuclei already begin to degenerate in the outer part of the stratum granulosum
  • faint nuclear outlines are visible in only a few of the cells
  • ONLY IN THICK SKIN
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18
Q

what type of cells are found in the stratum lucidum

A

Several layers of flattened dead cells

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19
Q

cells found in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhan cells

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20
Q

melanocytes location

A

stratum basale

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21
Q

function of melanocytes

A

synthesise melanin (pigment in skin) which is transferred to adjacent keratinocytes.

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22
Q

melanocytes under microscrope

A

have a halo surrounding the nucleus (white clearing around the nucleus)

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23
Q

what type of cells are langerhan cells

A

intra-epidermal antigen presenting cells

historically referred to as histiocytes

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24
Q

which layer of the epidermis are langerhan cells most easily recognised

A

prickle cell layer

stratum spinosum

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25
Q

sebaceous glands

A

secrete sebum

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26
Q

types of sebaceous gland

A
  • associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum into hair follicle
  • secrete sebum directly onto the surface of the skin
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27
Q

location of hair follicle

A
  • Start quite deep down in sub cut tissue

- Extend through dermis and up though epidermis

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28
Q

eccrine glands

A

produce sweat (thermoregulation function)

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29
Q

apocrine glands

A

produce odour

30
Q

which glands screen sweat

A

eccrine

31
Q

arrector pili muscle

A
  • smooth muscle fibres

- Make the hair stand on end of lay down flat, depending on how warm somebody is

32
Q

location of arrector pili muscle

A

Insert at one end into the follicle sheath just below sebaceous glands and the other in the superficial dermis

33
Q

structure of hair follicle

A

hair bulb
hair shaft surrounding it
hair follicle surrounding it

34
Q

cytoplasm of sebaceous gland under microscope

A

bubbly

due to sebum inside of it

35
Q

epidermis in thick skin

A

thicker

36
Q

skin receptors

A
  • meissner corpuscles
  • merkel cells
  • pacinian corpuscles
  • Ruffini endings
37
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

fast adapting

detect touch and vibration

38
Q

location of meissner corpuscles

A

papillary dermis (in dermis)

39
Q

merkel cells

A

slow adapting

touch and pressure receptors

40
Q

pacinian corpuscles location

A

deep in skin

41
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

fast adapting

rapid touch, pressure and vibration

42
Q

Ruffini endings

A

slow adapting

pressure and vibration

43
Q

lamella of pacinian corpuscle

A

composed of flattened Schwann cells and endometrial fibroblasts

44
Q

what is between the lamella of the pacinian corpuscle

A
  • fluid
  • collagen fibres
  • capillaries
45
Q

which stains should and should not be used to see Merkel cells

A

not H&E stain

should use CK20

46
Q

location of Merkel cells

A

basal layer of epidermis

47
Q

which layers of the skin does first degree burn penetrate?

A

epidermis

48
Q

which layers of the skin does second degree burn penetrate?

A

epidermis and dermis

49
Q

which layers of the skin does third degree burn penetrate?

A

epidermis, dermis and sub-cut

50
Q

why may 3rd degree burn not be as painful

A

you may damage nerve fibres and pain receptors

51
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

52
Q

where is thick skin located in humans

A
  • palms of hands

- soles of feet

53
Q

which layer of the skin does basal cell carcinoma originate

A

stratum basale

54
Q

which layer of the skin does squamous cell carcinoma originate?

A

epidermis

55
Q

which layer of the skin does malignant melanoma originate?

A

Deepest layer of the epidermis, located just above the dermis

56
Q

what is a wart?

A

small lumps on the skin

- extra keratin produces a rough, hard texture of a wart

57
Q

what is the dermis made up of

A

connective tissue containing irregular bundles of collagen fibres plus networks of elastic fibres

58
Q

papillary dermis

A

superficial

loosely woven

59
Q

reticular dermis

A

deeper
thicker
denser

60
Q

rete ridges

A

epithelial down growths which result from epidermis and dermis interdigitating with one another

61
Q

dermal papillae

A

upward projections which result from epidermis and dermis interdigitating with one another

62
Q

what is a blister?

A
  • Fluid collects between dermis and epidermis

- Cushioning the tissue underneath, protecting it from damage

63
Q

dermatome

A

A specific region of skin of the body innervated by the sensory fibres of a single segmental spinal nerve (spinal cord segment)

64
Q

two groups of cutaneous sensory receptors

A
  • Free nerve endings/unencapsulated nerve endings/simple receptors
  • Encapsulated nerve endings/compound receptors.
65
Q

free nerve ending receptors

A

nociceptors

thermoreceptors

66
Q

encapsulated nerve ending receptors

A

mechanoreceptors

67
Q

fast adapting receptors

A

pacinian corpuscle

meissner’s corpuscle

68
Q

slow adapting receptors

A

Ruffini endings

merkel cells

69
Q

which receptors are involved in detecting light stroking

A

Merkel’s disks

- Respond to light touch / discriminative touch

70
Q

which receptors are involved in reading braille

A

Meissner corpuscles

- Allows for discriminatory touch and grip control

control (38 decks)

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