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control > L35 - auditory pathway > Flashcards

L35 - auditory pathway Flashcards

1
Q

role of external ear

A

receives sound waves

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2
Q

role of auricle

A

funnels sound waves through internal meatus

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3
Q

middle ear

A

sound waves –> mechanical waves

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4
Q

inner ear

A

mechanical waves –> electrical waves

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5
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

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6
Q

how are external and middle ear separated

A

tympanic membrane

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7
Q

external auditory canal

A

transmits sound waves towards the tympanic membrane

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8
Q

how does middle ear communicate with nasopharynx

A

auditory tube / Eustachian tube

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9
Q

smallest bones in the body

A

ossicles

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10
Q

ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes
(MIS)

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11
Q

role of ossicles

A

vibrate to transmit sound waves

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12
Q

location eustachian tube

A

connects nasopharynx to middle ear

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13
Q

how does the Eustachian tube change as we get older

A

as a child it is more vertical
becomes more horizontal as we group
(why children are more prone to ear infections)

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14
Q

functions of eustachian tube

A
  • ventilation
  • drainage
  • allows for equilibration of pressure between atmospheric and internal environments
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15
Q

why do ears hurt on an aeroplane

A
  • rapid change in pressure
  • ears cannot adjust in time
  • eustachian tube remains closed
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16
Q

why is the middle ear a high risk space

A
  • connected to nasopharynx (prone to infection)
  • connection to mastoid air cells
  • inferior jugular vein lies inferior (risk of thrombosis)
  • internal carotid artery lies anterior (pulsatile tinnitus)
  • traversed by chordates tympani and facial canal (infection risk)
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17
Q

pulsatile tinnitus

A

can hear a noise which matches the heart rate

- occurs in hypertension sometimes

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18
Q

where is the vestibular system located

A

inner ear

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19
Q

location of inner ear

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

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20
Q

vestibular system

A
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals and semicircular ducts

balance and equilibrium

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21
Q

cochlea and cochlear ducts role

A

hearing

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22
Q

special sense organs in the inner ear

A
  • vestibular system

- cochlear and cochlear ducts

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23
Q

cochlear

A

snail shaped structure which detects sound frequencies

24
Q

where can lower sound frequencies be detected

A

apex of the chochlea

25
Q

where can higher sound frequencies be detected

A

nearer the base of the cochlea

26
Q

fluid filled cavities within the inner ear

A
  • bony outer labyrinth

- membraneous inner labyrinth

27
Q

bony outer labyrinth

A

contains perilymph (like extracellular fluid)

28
Q

membraneous inner labyrinth

A

contains endolymph (like intracellular fluid)

29
Q

role of the cochlear duct

A

separates cochlea into two chambers:

  • scala vestibuli (inner)
  • scala tympani (outer)
30
Q

location of perilymph

A

inside chambers

31
Q

location of endolymph

A

inside cochlear duct

32
Q

helicotrema

A

the two chambers are continuous at the apex of the cochlea through a narrow slit, the helicotrema

33
Q

how is sound created

A
  • vibration of stapes creates hydraulic pressure at the apex of the cochlea (helicotrema)
  • here, SV and ST meet
  • vibrations descent via ST to the round window
  • perilymph moves around the bony cochlea, deforming endolymph inside the cochlear duct
  • the cochlear duct contains the spiral organ of Corti
  • Spiral organ of Corti is stimulated by the deformation of the cochlea duct
  • converts fluid pressure into electrical signals
  • via the vestibulocochlear nerve (VN8)
34
Q

location of tectorial membrane

A

above hair cells

35
Q

location of basilar membrane

A

below hair cells

36
Q

how is the spiral organ of corti stimulated

A
  • cochlear duct deforms
  • tectorial membrane moves up and down
  • cilia on hair cells detect this
  • ion channels open and there is transmission of information
  • fluid pressure into electrical signals
37
Q

auditory pathway

A
  • polysynaptic

- bilateral

38
Q

1 auditory fibres

A
  • Axons of bipolar neuron in spiral ganglion form the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)
  • Connect to hair cells
39
Q

where do primary and secondary auditory fibres synapse

A

dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

40
Q

cochlear nuclei

A
  • receives afferents from cochlear nerve

- projects bilaterally to superior olivary nucleus

41
Q

trapezoid body

A

crossing over midline

42
Q

what information does the superior olivary nucleus recieves

A

bilateral auditory information

43
Q

where does the superior olivary nucleus send information to

A

ascending fibres to inferior colliculus of the midbrain via the lateral lamniscus bilaterally

44
Q

auditory part of the thalamus

A

medial geniculate nucleus

45
Q

brachium

A

connects thalamus to inferior colliculus

46
Q

location of inferior colliculus

A

tectum of the midbrain

47
Q

what happens at the inferior colliculus

A
  • receives lateral lemniscus
  • may exchange auditory information via the inferior colliculus commissure
  • Sends auditory information to MGN via the brachium (arm) of the inferior colliculus
48
Q

what happens at the medial geniculate nucleus

A

sends fibres to primary auditory cortex

49
Q

auditory pathway

A
  • hair cells send neurones to the spiral ganglion
  • at spinal ganglion, cochlear part of vestibulocochlear nerve projects to cerebellopontine angle where cochlear nuclei is located
  • synapses with second order neurones in dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
  • projects bilaterally to superior olivary nuclei (crossing over of some neurones)
  • synapses and sends ascending fibres to inferior colliculus of the midbrain via the lateral lemniscus
  • synapses and neurones travel from IC to MGN via the brachium
  • neurones travel from MGN to primary auditory cortex
50
Q

where does CN8 enter the brainstem

A

cerebellopontine angle

51
Q

which part of the primary auditory cortex does low frequency sound project to

A

anterolateral part (Low = anteroLateral)

52
Q

which part of the primary auditory cortex does high frequency sound project to

A

posteromedial part = base

53
Q

cause of Broca’s aphasia

A

stroke to anterior branches

54
Q

cause of Wernicke’s aphasia

A

stroke to posterior branches

55
Q

secondary auditory area

A

specialised for linguistic function

Wernickes area

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