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Irm > L20: Control Of Breathing > Flashcards

L20: Control Of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when you transects between the medulla and spinal cord

A

Ventilation stops

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2
Q

What are the 2 extremes of breathing

A

Driven by metabolic system

Driven by behavioural system

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3
Q

Which patient present with breathing only due to metabolic system

A

Locked in syndrome

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4
Q

What is the locked in system a consequence of

A

Stroke

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5
Q

What happens to a patient in the locked in syndrome

A

Patient is unable to move voluntarily expect eyes

Regular breathing is driven by metabolic system (involuntary control)

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6
Q

Which patient only breath due to their behavioural system (only breath when aware)

A

Ondine’s curse

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7
Q

What is Ondine’s curse a result of

A

Medullary tumour

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8
Q

What does a patient with Ondine’s curse require at night

A

Mechanical ventilation

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9
Q

What does a patient with Ondine’s curse require mechanical ventilation at night

A

They are not aware of their breathing when they sleep

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10
Q

What is the metabolic system regulated by

A

Feedback system of paco2

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11
Q

What is the behavioural system regulated by

A

Feedforward system of speech, cough etc.

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12
Q

Where is the metabolic system controlled in the brain

A

Brain stem

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13
Q

Where is the behavioural system controlled in the brain

A

Cortex

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14
Q

Which information regulated the feedback system of the metabolic system in the brain stem

A

Chemical

Mechanical

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15
Q

What are 3 phases to breathing

A

Inspiratory phase (I)
Post inspiratory phase (PI)
E-2 phase

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16
Q

What happens to the diaphragm in the inspiratory phase

A

Contracts

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17
Q

What happens to the diaphragm in the post expiratory phase

A

Gradually relaxes

18
Q

What happens to the diaphragm in the E-2 phase

A

Silent

19
Q

At which phase of breathing does the accessory respiratory muscle contract

A

E-2 phase

20
Q

What type of control is the metabolic system

A

Automatic

21
Q

Where are the automatic respiratory neurones located

A

Brainstem

22
Q

What are the automatic neurones called

A

Dorsal respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group
Pontine respiratory group
Botzinger complex

23
Q

Which automatic respiratory neurones controls both inspiration and expiration

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

24
Q

Which automatic respiratory neurone controls expiration only

A

Botzinger complex

25
Q

Which automatic respiratory Neurone controls inspiration only

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

26
Q

Which neurone increases the contraction of the diaphragm

A

DRG

27
Q

What happens when we need to increase inspiration

A

VRG inspiration component is active to it drives to the activity of inspiration accessory muscle

28
Q

Which neurone is activated to drive expiration

A

Botzinger complex

29
Q

What does the botzinger complex do to activate the expiratory accessory muscles

A

Excites the VRG expiration complex

30
Q

To stop expiration and ispiration occuring at the same time what occurs

A

Inhibitory activity

31
Q

Which neurone allow inihbitory drive for expiration

A

DRG

32
Q

Which neurones allow inihbitory drive for inspiration

A

Botzinger complex

VRG expiration component

33
Q

What does the pontine respiratory group do

A

Influence the timing of breaths

34
Q

Apart from sensory information from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors what other factors drive the DRG activity

A

Higher centres

35
Q

What senses feed into the higher centre

A

Temperature
Pain
Emotion
Movement

36
Q

What type of control is the behavioural system

A

Voluntary

37
Q

Does the cerebral cortex which is driven by the behaviour system control the activity of the brainstem nuclei

A

No

38
Q

Which situation can affect the brain activity

A 
Exercise  
High altitude 
Respiratory stimulants (drugs)
Sleep 
Depressed ventilation drugs
39
Q

Which drugs stimulate respiration

A

Doxapram
Progesterone
Aminophylline

40
Q

What does the respiratory stimulants do

A

Increase ventilation and reduce paco2

41
Q

How does sleep affect breathing

A

Decreased response to hypoxia and hypercapnia

Decreased responce to mechanoreceptors

42
Q

Which drugs depress ventilation

A 
Anaesthetic 
Barbiturates 
Opioids
Benzodiazepines 
Alcohol

Irm (21 decks)

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