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Irm > L19: Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

L19: Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What sort of respiratory infections are there

A 
Bronchitis 
Pneumonia 
TB 
Bronchiectasis 
Cystic fibrosis 
Acute exacerbation of COPD or asthma
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of bronchial infections

A

Acute bronchitis

Recurrent bronchitis

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3
Q

Who does acute bronchitis occur in

A

Previously well people

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4
Q

What are features of acute bronchitis

A

Cough and sputum

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5
Q

What is recurrent bronchitis

A

Cough and sputum over at least 2 months

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6
Q

What is chronic bronchitis

A

Flem for 3 months over 2 years

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7
Q

What are the underlying cause for recurrent bronchitis

A

Sinus infection
Past nasal drip
Bronchiectasis

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of pneumonia

A

Typical pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia

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9
Q

Who does typical pneumonia occur in

A

People with pre-existing lung disease

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10
Q

What are the sympmtoms of typical pneumonia

A

Pleuritic pain
Purple the pain
High temperature
Crackles and dullness and increased vocal resonance in the lungs

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11
Q

What is the treatment for typical pneumonia

A

Beta lactams (penicillins)

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12
Q

Who does atypical pneumonia occur in

A

Previously well people

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of atypical pneumonia

A

Dry cough

Wheeze

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14
Q

Does atypical pneumonia react to beta lactams (penicilin)

A

No

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15
Q

Is it hard to distinguish between typical and atypical pneumonia in patients

A

Yes

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16
Q

If distinguishing the 2 types of pneumonia is difficult how do we treat it

A

Use 2 different antibiotic at the same time two cover both bases of pneumonia

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17
Q

What are the pathogens that can cause pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma

Legionella

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18
Q

When does mycoplasma come in

A

Winter peaks and epidemics

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19
Q

What is legionella related to

A

Travel to Spain and turkey

Clusters

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20
Q

How do we diagnose pneumonia

A

Chest x-ray

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21
Q

What does pneumonia look like an a chest x-ray

A

Opacity (white over the lobe of infection)
Loss of right heart border (if middle lobe)
Loss of right diaphragm (if lower lobe)

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22
Q

What are the other features on a chest x-ray for pneumonia

A

Cavities

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23
Q

What are cavities

A

Areas of dark area

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24
Q

How do we manage pneumonia that is non severe

A

Amoxycilin and macrolide

25
Q

What type of drug is amoxycilin

A

Beta lactam antibiotic

26
Q

How do we manage severe cases of pnuemonia

A

Intra venous amoxiclav and IV macrolide

27
Q

What are the complications of pnuemonia

A

Respiratory failure
Lung abscess
Parapneumonic effusion

28
Q

What happens to the fluid in parapneumounic effusion as it goes from simple to complex to empyema

A

Thickens

29
Q

What is the management of empyema

A

Antibiotics
Drainage
Surgery

30
Q

What are the antibiotics used to manage empyema

A

Penicillins

Metronidazole

31
Q

What is tuberculosis caused by

A

Mycobacteria TB

32
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis

A 
Night sweats 
Fevers
Weight loss 
Productive cough 
Haemoptysis
33
Q

How do we diagnose TB

A 
Test sputum 
Bronchoscopy if there is no sputum 
Test for HIV
Aspirate lymph node 
Vitamin d levels (deficiency)
34
Q

Where does TB spread in the body

A 
Meninges (brain)
Musculoskeletal 
Genitourinary 
Gastrointestinal 
Pericardial (lining of the heart)
35
Q

What does the treatment of TB involve

A

4 different antibiotics

36
Q

What are the 4 different antibiotics used to treat TB

A

Isoniazid
Pyrizinamide
Rifampicin
Ethambutol

37
Q

What are the problems with treating TB

A

Resistance to TB bugs

Drug interactions and side effects

38
Q

What is the most common side effect from antibiotics

A

Hepatitis

39
Q

What is hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

40
Q

What do we have to monitor for a TB patient on treatment

A

The liver

41
Q

how can we control Tb

A

Housing
Overcrowding
Nutrition
Immunisation

42
Q

What is bronchiestasis

A

A condition whereby you get chronic bronchial dilation that leads to poor mucus clearance which leads to recurrent or chronic infection and infection causes more chronic bronchial dilation

43
Q

What are the common causes of bronchiectasis

A

Previous pnuemonia or TB

44
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchiestasis

A

Coughing up large volume of flem

Crackles in chest in inspiration and expiration

45
Q

What are the other causes apart from infection to bronchiestasis

A 
Aspiration e.g peanut 
Mechanical obstruction 
Immune deficient 
Rheumatoid arthritis 
Cystic fibrosis 
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
46
Q

How do we treat bronchiestasis

A

Treat the underlying cause

47
Q

How do we investigate bornchiectasis

A

Chest x-ray
Sputum culture
CT scan

48
Q

How do we manage bronchiestasis

A

Postural drainage
Antibiotics
Bronchodilators

49
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

A mutation to the deltaf506 deletion to CFTR

50
Q

What type of channel is CFTR

A

Chloride channel

51
Q

What does cystic fibrosis lead to

A

Steaky secretions

52
Q

What are the other consequences of cystic fibrosis apart from bronchiestasis

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

Infertility

53
Q

How do we investigate cystic fibrosis

A

Sweat test

Genetic testing

54
Q

What is the management for cystic fibrosis

A 
Aggressive management of bronchiectasis 
Pancreatic enzyme supplements 
Insulin 
Nutrients 
Lung transplantation
55
Q

What are the diseases where infection can cause flare ups

A

COPD exacerbation

Asthma exacerbation

56
Q

What are the symptoms of exacerbated COPD

A

Increased breathlessness
Green sputum
Increased sputum volume

57
Q

How do we treated exacerbated COPD

A

Antibiotics for 5 day
Or
Steroids (severe)

58
Q

How is exacerbation of asthma treated

A

Steroid

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