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Irm > L04: Respiratory Malignancies > Flashcards

L04: Respiratory Malignancies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the angle of Louis

A

Point which is:
Bifurcation of trachea
Start of aortic arch
Azygous vein enters SVC

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2
Q

What lines the lungs

A

Parietal and visceral pleura

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3
Q

At which rib does the pleura meet

A

2nd rib

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4
Q

Between which rib does the heart lie

A

3-6 ribs on right of sternum

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5
Q

How many lobes are there on the left lobe

A

2

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6
Q

What are the lobes of the left lobe called

A

Upper

Lower

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7
Q

How many lobes does the right lobe have

A

3

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8
Q

What are the lobes of the right lobe called

A

Upper
Middle
Lower

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9
Q

What are the clinical features of lung cancer

A 
Smoker
Haemoptysis 
Weight loss 
Dyspnoea
Cough 
Chest pain 
Hoarse voice
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10
Q

What is haemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood

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11
Q

What is dyspnoea

A

Breathlessness

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12
Q

What are the common causes of lung cancer

A

Smoking
Asbestos
Radiation

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13
Q

Which job is more likely to involve asbestos

A

Plumbing

Construction etc

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of asbestos causing lung cancer

A

1) asbestos binds to epithelial growth factor receptor
2) this sets up a cascade reaction for proliferation of cells

Or
1) asbestos leads to proteases for the break down of cells

Or
1) asbestos leads to DNA damage that is transcribed

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15
Q

If we suspect lung cancer what diagnosis method should take place

A

Chest x-ray

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16
Q

To confirm likely lung cancer what diagnostic method is undertaken

A

CT chest scan

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17
Q

If a patient is confirmed to have lung cancer what diagnostic method is used to used to find the type of cancer

A

Bronchoscopy

Biopsy

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18
Q

Which diagnostic method is used to diagnose the stage of cancer

A

PET

Neck USS

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19
Q

To see where the tumour is what method is used

A

CT scan

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20
Q

What are the types of lung cancer

A

Non small cell lung cancer
Small cell
Carcinoid

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21
Q

Within non small cell lung cancer what are the other subgroups of cancer

A

Squamous
Adenocarcinoma
Undifferentiated or mixed

22
Q

What is the division of the left and right bronchi called

23
Q

What is a complication of bronchoscopy

A

Bleeding from the tumour

Infection

24
Q

What are the types of samples we can take with bronchoscopy

A

Brushing
Washing
Biopsy

25
Q

What are the other wats to get tissue

A

EBUS

Cervical mediastinoscopy

26
Q

Where is small cell lung cancer derived from

A

Neuro endocrine tissue

27
Q

How do differentiate between different cell lung cancers

A

We use specific tumour markers

28
Q

Why do we use tumour markers

A

Cells express tumours which we can target for it to show positive on a film

29
Q

What does a PET scan enable us to see

A

If the tumour has spread elsewhere

30
Q

What nodes do we have along the trachea

A

Lymph nodes

31
Q

How do we stage non small cell lung cancer

A

We use TNM classification which is:
Tumour
Node
Metastases

32
Q

How do we treat non small cell lung cancer

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

33
Q

What is the treatment for small cell lung cancer

A

Chemotherapy

34
Q

How does metastases spread

A

Via lymphatic or blood

35
Q

What is common place of metastases

A

Pleura
Brain
Bone

36
Q

What do we use to treat brain metastases

A

Radiotherapy

37
Q

What are the local complications of lung cancer

A

Superior vena cava obstruction
Horners syndrome
Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
Pleural effusion

38
Q

What are the features of superior vena cava obstruction

A

Fixed and raised jugular venous pressure
Lips cyanosis
Collaterals

39
Q

What are the features of horners syndrome

A

Partial ptosis
Enopthalmus
Meiosis

40
Q

What is partial ptosis

A

Half drooping eye lid

41
Q

What is enopthalmus

A

Sinking of the eye

42
Q

What is meiosis

A

Shrinkage of pupil

43
Q

What is pleural effusion

A

Fluid in the pleural space

44
Q

What are the clinical features of a pleural effusion

A 
Dyspnoea 
Pain 
Reduced expansion 
Dull percussion 
Reduced vocal resonance
45
Q

What are the 3 main mechanism of pleural effusion

A

Leave into the pleural space
Or
Produced by pathology in the pleural space
Or
Pleural fluid is not been removed due to the lymphatics not working

46
Q

What are the 2 classes of pleural effusion

A

Transudates

Exudates

47
Q

What are the causes of exudate pleural effusion

A 
MR BALDY SPIT 
M- mesothelioma/asbestos
R- rheumatoid arthritis 
B- bronchial cancer
A- abscess
L- lymphoma
D-dressers syndrome 
Y- yellow nail syndrome 
S- SLE
P- pneumonia 
I- infarction 
T- TB
48
Q

How do you manage pleural effusions

A

Tap fluid
Aspirate
Drain

49
Q

What is mesothelioma

A

Cancer of pleura

50
Q

What is the cause of mesothelioma

51
Q

What is the treatment for mesothelioma

A

Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Surgery
Immunotherapy

Irm (21 decks)

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