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Irm > L08: Drugs Affecting Airway Resistance > Flashcards

L08: Drugs Affecting Airway Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to resistance as radius decreases

A

Resistance increases

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2
Q

Does the Lower or upper airway have the greatest airway resistance

A

Upper airway

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3
Q

Why does the lower airway have the least resistance when the radius is smaller than the upper airway

A

The lower airway has a larger cross sectional area

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4
Q

Which nervous system controls the smooth muscle in the airway

A

Autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Which two systems is the autonomic system composed of

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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6
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system cause the airways to do

A

Bronchoconstriction

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7
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system cause the airway to do

A

Bronchodilation

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8
Q

What are the neurotransmitters involved in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Ach

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9
Q

Which receptor does ach act on in the airway

A

M3 receptor

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10
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system release

A

Adrenaline or noradrenaline

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11
Q

Which receptor does adrenaline act on in the airway

A

Beta 2 receptors

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12
Q

What does beta 2 stimulation inhibit

A

Mast cell activity

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13
Q

What do mast cells release

A

Bronchoconstrictors of histamine and platelets

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14
Q

What does beta 2 stimulation promote

A

Muscle-ciliary escalator

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the musco-ciliary escalator

A

Move foreign particles out

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16
Q

What other innervation does the airways have

A

NANC

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17
Q

What does NANC innervation result in

A

Bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction

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18
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

Airway walls

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19
Q

What doe mast cells cause

A

Degranulation of mast cells release histamine which causes bronchoconstriction

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20
Q

Name 2 mechanical receptors found in the airway

A

Rapidly adapting receptors

Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

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21
Q

What does RAAR receptors cause

A

Bronchoconstriction

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22
Q

What does PSR cause

A

Bronchodilation

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23
Q

What occurs when carbon dioxide builds up in the lungs

A

Bronchodilation

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24
Q

Does airway resistance increase or decrease when lung volume increases

A

Decrease

25
Q

Give 2 reasons why airway resistance decreases as lung volume increases

A

Radial traction

Alveolar interdependence

26
Q

Explain what is meant by radial traction

A

1) airways are embedded in lung parenchyma which form scaffolds
2) scaffolds opens airway due to radial traction
3) during inspiration parenchyma is stretches and increases the radius of the airways
4) increase in radius decreases airway resistance

27
Q

What is meant by alveolar interdependence

A

1) adjacent alveoli share walls together which keep them open
2) this reduces airway resistance

28
Q

Why does COPD present with airway resistance

A

Loss of radial traction

Loss of alveolar interdependence

29
Q

What happens in asthma

A

Airway diameter decreases

Airway resistance increases

30
Q

How does asthma occur

A

1) patients have bronchial hypersensitivity which causes inflammation of airway mucosa
2) mucosa is infiltrated with immune cells
3) asthma attack causes immune cells to release mediators of bronchoconstriction

31
Q

What are the two general ways to treat asthma

A

Target bronchoconstrictors

Target inflammatory responce

32
Q

Name 4 groups of drugs that target bronchoconstrictors

A

Beta 2 agonist
Methyxanthines
Anti-cholinergics/muscarinic antagonist

33
Q

Name 2 beta agonist

A

Salbutamol

Sameterol

34
Q

How do beta 2 agonist work

A

Stimulate beta 2 receptors to cause bronchodilation

35
Q

How does methylxanthines work

A

Inhibit phosphodiesterase
This increases camp
This alters calcium
Bronchodilation occurs

36
Q

Name an example of a methylxanthine

A

Theophylline

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of anti-cholinergic/muscarinic antagonist

A

Block ach from biding to M3 receptors

This stops bronchoconstricton from occuring

38
Q

Name an example of an anti-cholineric/muscarinic antagonist drug

A

Ipratropium

39
Q

Name 5 ways of treatment to target inflammation in asthma

A 
Corticosteroids 
Targeting leukotriene pathway 
Sodium cromoglicate 
Histamine receptor antagonist 
Monoclonal anti-igE antibodies
40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids

A

Reduce airways inflammation

41
Q

Name an example of a corticosteroid

A

Beclamethasone

42
Q

What is the mechanism for targeting leukotriene pathway

A

Mast cells release leukotriene
Leukotriene cause bronchoconstriction and other inflammatory responses
Inhibiting leukotriene stops this from occuring

43
Q

Name 2 ways to inhibit leukotriene

A

Inhibit leukotriene formation

Inhibit leukotriene from acting on its receptor

44
Q

Name a leukotriene formation antagonist

A

Zileuton

45
Q

Name a leukotriene receptor antagonist

A

Montelukast

46
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sodium cromoglicate

A

Inhibits release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells

47
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of histamine receptor antagonist

A

Mast cell degranulation releases histamine
Histamine causes inflammatory response
Histamine receptor antagonist stop histamine from acting on its receptor

48
Q

Name a histamine receptor antagonist

A

Ketotifen

49
Q

What is the name of histamine receptor that ketotifen works on

A

H1

50
Q

What is the mechanism of action of anti-igE antibodies

A

B cell produces igE in allergens
IgE binds to mast cells to cause mast cell degranulation of inflammation
Stopping igE from binding to mast cells reduces inflammation

51
Q

Name a monoclonal anti-igE antibody

A

Omalizumab

52
Q

What is aspirin induced asthma

A

Asthma exacebated by aspirin (painkiller)

53
Q

What are the symptoms of aspirin induced asthma

A

Runny nose
Nasal congestion
Sinusitis

54
Q

What is the treatment for aspirin induced asthma

A

Montelukast

55
Q

Which transmitters cause bronchodilation in NANC innervation

A

VIP

NO

56
Q

Which transmitter causes bronchoconstriction in NANC innervation

A

Substance p

57
Q

Is a corticosteroid a preventer or treatment in asthma

A

Preventer

58
Q

Why does bronchoconstriction occur in asthma

A

Due to inflammation

Irm (21 decks)

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