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Irm > L11: Ventilation And Perfusion > Flashcards

L11: Ventilation And Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What is PAo2 (alveolar partial pressure)

A

13

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2
Q

What is the pao2 (arterial partial pressure) when it leaves the left side of the heart

A

12

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3
Q

What are the 2 reasons for the 1kpa difference in alveolar and arterial partial pressure

A

Shunts

Ventilation perfusion mismatch

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4
Q

What is the shunting process

A

When deoxygnated blood reaches the lungs some alveoli do no oxygenate the blood this gives a mixture of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood leaving the left heart at 12kpa instead of 13kpa

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5
Q

What is the ventilation perfusion ratio (V/Q) mismatch

A

The flow of blood is greater than the alveolar ventilation

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6
Q

What is the fall in pao2 termed as

A

Hypoxia

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7
Q

From which side to side does blood move from in the heart

A

Right to left

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8
Q

Does the right side of the heart carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated blood

A

Deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

After leaving the right side of the heart where does the deoxygenated go

A

To the lungs

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10
Q

What happens to the deoxygenated blood at the lungs

A

Blood becomes oxygenated

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11
Q

Where does oxygenated blood travel to after the lungs

A

Left side of the heart

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12
Q

After leaving the left side of the heart where does the oxygenated blood travel to

A

Rest of the body

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13
Q

What happens to the oxygenated blood after reaching to the rest of the body

A

Blood becomes deoxygenated

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14
Q

After the rest of the body where does deoxygenated blood go to

A

Right side of the heart

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15
Q

What is right-left shunted blood

A

Blood that contains a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

Do we have natural right left shunts

A

Yes

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17
Q

What are the natural shunts in the heart

A

Thebesian veins

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18
Q

What are thebesian veins

A

Small valve-less venous channels that open directly into the heart

Arterial blood that has gone to supply the cardiac tissue but instead of draining back into the venous system it drains into the left ventricle

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19
Q

What are the other natural right-left shunts

A

Bronchial circulation

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20
Q

What is the bronchial circulation

A

Lungs has its only arterial supply from the thoracic aorta

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21
Q

What happens to the blood in the bronchopulmonary veins of the bronchial circulation

A

The blood join the pulmonary vein, mixes with the oxygenated blood to go into the left atrium

22
Q

What are pathological right-left shunts

A

A greater alveolar-arterial pressure difference due to disease

23
Q

Name pathological right-left shunts

A

Pulmonary disease

24
Q

What does the pulmonary disease include

A

Airway blockage

Collapsed bronchi

25
Q

How does pulmonary disease cause an increase in alveolar-arterial difference

A

Pulmonary artery cannot receive oxygen

26
Q

What are left-right shunts

A

Cardiovascular anatomical abnormalities

27
Q

How does cardiovascular anatomical abnormalities occur

A

Occur in neonates with septal defects

28
Q

What happens in a left-right shunt

A

Oxygenated blood enters the deoxygenated areas

29
Q

In a normal lung what is the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio

A

0.8

30
Q

What are the main causes of ventilation in the lungs

A

Gravity

Compliance

31
Q

What happens to the alveolar ventilation as you go down from apex to base

A

Increase

32
Q

Why is there are greater ventilation at the base than apex

A

Base has a greater compliance and more negative intrapleural pressure

33
Q

What are the main causes of change in perfusion

A

Gravity

34
Q

What happens to the perfusion as you go down from apex to base

A

Increases

35
Q

What happens to the ventilation/perfusion ratio as you go down from apex to base

A

Decreases

36
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that alter the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)

A

Bronchiole diameter

Arteriole diameter

37
Q

What does the bronchiole diameter alter

A

Ventilation

38
Q

What does arteriole diameter alter

A

Perfusion

39
Q

What does a high V/Q lead to

A

Hyperoxia

Hypocapnia

40
Q

What is hyperoxia

A

High oxygen in blood

41
Q

What is hypocapnia

A

Low carbon dioxide

42
Q

What does a low V/Q lead to

A

Hypoxia

Hypercapnia

43
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Low oxygen in blood

44
Q

What is hypercapnia

A

High carbon dioxide in blood

45
Q

How does the body respond to a high V/Q

A

Vasodilation

Bronchoconstriction

46
Q

How does the body respond to a low V/Q

A

Vasoconstriction

Bronchodilation

47
Q

What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

During hypoxia vascoconstriction occurs to divert the blood away

48
Q

How does hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction occur

A

1) potassium channels of smooth muscle of bronchioles are inhibited by hypoxia
2) this leads to membrane depolarisation
3) voltage gated calcium channels open
4) calcium influx gives vasoconstriction

49
Q

Name a lung disease which results in a high V/Q mismatch

A

Bronchitis

Emphysema

50
Q

What equation do we use to find out hypoxia is due to alveolar ventilation

A

Alveolar gas equation

Irm (21 decks)

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