Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Irm > L15: Neurological And Vascular Aspects > Flashcards

L15: Neurological And Vascular Aspects Flashcards

1
Q

What detects the changes in pac02

A

Central chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located

A

In medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What detects the changes to pao2 and blood ph

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

In carotid/aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and carotid/aortic arch send nerve supply to

A

Brainstem respiratory centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the brainstem respiratory centre do

A

Change the activity of the muscles to change alveolar ventilation and respond the the changes in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe what happens when the we excercise and paco2 increases and pao2 decreases

A

1) changes are detected by central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors
2) signal is sent to the brainstem respiratory centre
3) signal is sent to the diaphragm and intercostal muscle to increase the rate of ventilation
3) carbon dioxide levels drop and oxygen levels increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does injury to the brain most likely to result in

A

Affect breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can a tumour in the brainstem cause

A

Pressure on the medulla oblongata so chemoreceptors are blocked off and breathing stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What other brainstem lesions can compress the brain

A

Haemorrhage (bleeding)

Ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is ischaemia

A

Swelling of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of drugs can affect breathing

A

Sedative drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do sedative drugs do

A

Reduce the respiratory drive

Reduce ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Example of sedative drugs

A

Morphine
Opiates
Benzodiazepines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are sedative drugs

A

A group of drugs that slow down brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What other diseases can affect ventilation

A

Neuromuscular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of neuromuscular disease

A

Motor neurone disease

Duschennes muscular dystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is motor neurone disease

A

Degeneration of ventral horns in the spinal cord where the upper motor neurone and lower motor neurone meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does the symptoms for motor neurone disease usually start

A

Limbs

Swallowing muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In terms of IRM what does motor neurone disease result in

A

Diaphragm weakness

Poor swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does diaphragmatic weakness cause

A

Respiratory failure

22
Q

What does poor swallowing cause

A

Recurrent aspiration

23
Q

How do we manage respiratory failure in motor neurone disease

A

it cannot but reversed but breathing can be supported by:

Non invasive ventilation

24
Q

What does nan invasive ventilation do

A

Reduce arterial carbon dioxide

25
Q

What happens to our muscles when we sleep

A

Relax

26
Q

What can relaxation of big muscles cause during our sleep

A

Airway obstruction (sleep apnoea)

27
Q

What is the REM sleep

A

Muscle tone decreases

Sympathetic NS activity increases

28
Q

What happens to the oxygen levels in obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Oxygen levels drop more than 3%

29
Q

What happens to the sympathetic nervous system activity during obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Increases

30
Q

What are the clinical features with obstructive sleep apnoea

A 
Obesity
Craniofacial abnormalities 
Snoring 
Daytime sleepiness 
Choking overnight 
Morning headaches
31
Q

What are the conditions that can affect face structures causing obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Down’s syndrome
Acromegaly
Micrognathia in treacher Collins syndrome

32
Q

What is micrognathia in treacher Collins syndrome

A

Small jaw

33
Q

How do we manage obstructive sleep apnea

A

Fix face abnormalities if possible

Continuous positive pressure (face mask)

34
Q

What are the common pulmonary vascular disease

A

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary hypertension

35
Q

What is pulmonary embolism

A

Clots within the pulmonary vasculature

36
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

Pleuritic chest pain
Dyspnoea
Haemoptysis

37
Q

What are the causes of pulmonary embolism

A 
Post surgery 
Immobility 
Malignancy 
Pregnancy 
Smoking
38
Q

How do we diagnose pulmonary embolism

A

Use a scoring system

39
Q

What does the scoring system involve

A

Symptoms
No likely alternative diagnosis
Risk factors

40
Q

When do we investigate for a pulmonary embolism

A

When the score is high based from the scoring system

41
Q

How do we diagnose pulmonary embolism

A

ECG
Chest x-ray
CT pulmonary angiogram
Ventilation perfusion scan

42
Q

What does a pulmonary embolism chest x-ray show

A 
Atelactasis 
Small effusion 
Pleural based wedge 
Some areas look darker than normal side 
Multiple cavities
43
Q

what will a pulmonary embolism CT pulmonary angiogram show

A

Thrombus

44
Q

What will a ventilation perfusion (VQ) scan show in pulmonary embolism

A

VQ mismatch

45
Q

How do we manage pulmonary embolism

A

Get rid of clot
Thrombolysis
Anticoagulation

46
Q

What is anticaoagulation

A

Blood thinner

47
Q

Examples of anticoagulation

A

Warfarin
LMWH
NOACS

48
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension

A

Pulmonary artery is greater than 25mmHg

49
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

Breathlessness
Fatigue
Right heart failure
Loud 2nd heart sound

50
Q

What causes pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

thromboembolic disease (clots)
Chronic lung disease
Idiopathic
Left sided heart

51
Q

How do we investigate pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

ECG

CT scan

Irm (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions