kingdom: animals Flashcards
general characteristics of the kingdom animalia
most complex kingdom (protists are the most simple)
heterotrophic, therefore deriving/getting nutrients by using enzymes to breakdown organic materials
multicelluar, eukaryotes (therefore has membrane bounded organelles)
motile, therefore compared to plants, they are able to move and not just stay stationary
have a sensory ability (5 senses)
Do not have a cell wall
why are animals important (ecosystems, to each other, humans)
- sources of food and other products (such as clothes, etc)
-role in maintaining the health of natural ecosystems (ecological niches, food chains, helping ecosystems survive)
-disperse seeds and spores/ help the reproductive systems of other kingdoms.
-pets, tourism, etc
What sets animals to be different from others?
How are animals classifed? (amongst themselves)
Stem from a protists (a lot of devolpement/evolution led to the classification of animals)
**What sets animals to be different from others? **
Animals are divided among their devolpement of nerves (nerves are specialized cells used to coordinate movements and nerves detect/senses the changes that happen in the environment)
animals are distinct for their motility, heterotrophic lifestyle with internal digestion, lack of cell walls, complex tissue organization, and nervous systems (refers to devolpement of nerves)
Amongst each other, animals are classfied based on their body symmetry
—> Which relates to animals being divided upon their structure (radial symmetry and bilateral symtry)
—> Animals are also grounped on their devolpement of nerves because some animals do not have a nervous system (ie sponges)
—> How animal structures can be different (from animal to animal/species to species)
RADIAL VS BILATERAL
What is radial symmetry?
symmetrical line around a central axis
Ex: jellyfish
—> No matter which direction you turn the animal, it will always be symmetrical
What is bilateral symmetry?
around a midline (symmetry line down the animal, instead of symmtral lines that is an X) (ONE symmetry line)
left and right sides that are mirror images of each other
have dorsal ( upper surface and ventral ( lower surface)
anterior (front surface) and a posterior (back surface)
Ex: human
—> the back of our heads is different from the front of our head.
If a animal is bilaterally symmetrical (therefore has 1 symmetry line around the midline), what is the further classification/distinguishing feature/branch?
HOW IS IT FURTHER DIVDED (TWO MAJOR BRANCHES)
(Name and meaning)
—-> Bilateral symmetrical animals are Distinguished by **different patterns of embryonic development **
**Protostomes: **
during embryonic development, the mouth forms before the anus
Ex: arthropods, nematodes, mollusks, annelids, rotifers, or Platyhelminthes
Deuterostomes:
during embryonic development, the anus forms before the mouth
Ex: Humans
The classification chart of animals (WHAT features are animals classified on)
All animals stem from a colonial choanoflagellate ancestor
–> Does the animal have nerves or no nerves?
(No nerves = it is very simple, very cloesly related to a protist)
–> Is the animal radial symmetrical or bilateral symmetrical?
–) Radial symmetrical = less evolvotion, more simple
–> If the animal is bilateral symmetrical, is it a promotsome or a deuterostome?
if you are deuterostomes,therefore you can be further classifed as
vertebrates or invertebrates
(Are you in the phylum chorodata or are you a non-chorodate?)
–> Invertebrates do not need to be deuterstomes, its just all other animals are INVERTEBRATES if you are not a vertebrate
What is chorodata
A phylum, where most deuterostomes are classified under.
(Chirodates are almost entirely veterbrate animals)
known as “vertebrates” and refers to animals with a dorsal backbone or a notochrod (which is like a backbone, but it is a flexible rod).
–> ie: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
–> can look different in every animal.
What does invertebrate mean?
animals without a dorsal backbone or notochord (flexible rod)
–> Name: Non-chorodate
Cell specialization, how do animals come to be, how are animals distinguished from each other.
How does cell specialization relate to germ layers? (Whats the definition of germ layers)
—> Nerve cells is an example of a specialized cell.
–> Cells specialized during embryonic devolpement.
Germ layers: The layers of cells in a devloping embryo that give rise to specialized tissues: cell specialization is the process by which cells from these germ layers develop into the specific types of tissues and organs needed for the body.
Animals are distinguished from each other by the number of germ layers each animal has. dfferent animals have different numebrs of germ layers.
SPECIES/ANIMALS ARE CATEFORIZED BASED ON THE NUMBER OF GERM LAYERS THEY HAVE.
What are the 3 germ layers.
the ectoderm (outer layer)
the mesoderm (middle layer)
the endoderm (inner layer)
“derm refers to layer”
ecto (outer (echo)
meso (middle)
endo (n for in)
What does the ectoderm do and what systems does it encompass?
What does the mesoderm do and what systems does it encompassed?
What does the endoderm do and what does it encompass?
Ectoderm
Forms outer layer - skin and nervous system
Mesoderm
Forms middle layer - circulatory, reproductive, excretory, and muscular systems, coelom*
Endoderm
Forms inner layer - inner lining of the gut , and in some respiratory system
What is the coelom and what does it encompass/its significance?
Coelom - a fliud-filled body cavity that contains internal organs, located entirely within the mesdoerm.
—> provides a space for devolpepent and suspention of internal organs (ie digestive and reproductive
–> ANother distinushiable featur of an animals (some naimals have it, and some animals do not)
How do animals interact with each other? / what do they serve as?
Competitors
-> all animals Compete with humans for food (i.e., insects, slugs, on crops)
Food loss, increased costs (if the animals eat the other animals, which leads to increased cost)
—> Pests within crops eating the crops.
** Pathogens and Vectors**
–> animals can be Parasitic diseases - nematodes, tapeworms, flukes.
Which Affect body tissues, intestines, lungs, blood vessels (within humans and other animals)
Vectors - they spread disease (componets used to spread diseases, such as misquitoes)
Mosquitos - malaria
Ticks - Lyme disease
Food and Economic Benefits
—> Tourism, resturants, etcs
–> Clothing
–>Pollintation
