cytoplasmic inheritance and fertilization (genetics)

Question 1

what is prenatal testing?

Answer 1

testing for a genetic disorder prior to birth is called prenatal testing.

Recommended after age 35.

Question 2

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 2

remove cells from the outer membrane surrounding the embryo

8 weeks

Question 3

what is Amniocentesis (prenatal testing)

Answer 3

Obtain cells from the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the fetus

15-20 weeks

blood test from mother can be done which tests for hormone levels

Certain medical conditions correspond to a particular hormone

-> only happens if the fetus is large enough

Question 4

what are the two prenatal testings?

Answer 4

CVS (chorloric villius sampling) and Aminocentesis

Question 5

3 problems that can occur during fertilization?

Answer 5

1) poor quality (in sperm and ovum)
2) poor quantity (in sperm and ovum)
3) blockage in reproductive track (both female and male)

Question 6

What is Assisted Reproductive technologies? (3)

Answer 6

Used to enhance the chances of reproductive success by:

1) increasing the sperm and egg production,
2) improving the chances of successful fertilization,
3) enhancing the likelihood of implantation and development.

Question 7

what is IVF

Answer 7

In virto fertilization, a process of hormone therapy to stimulate egg production, then egg retrevial (harvesting), then fertlization within a test tube, until it is transfered back into the uterus.

Question 8

what is AI (artificial insemination)

Answer 8

-> placement of sperm in the reproductive tract

-> no use of hormone therapy and does not happen in a test tube

Question 9

pros and costs of ARTs

Answer 9

pro: insight into causes of human reproductive disorders

con: expensive, and “unnatural” (disrupting human processes)

Question 10

ARTs outside of humans can be used for?

Answer 10

1) animal breeding (livestock + pets)
2) saving endangered animals

(enhancing geneic diversity within the enviroment, instead of clonning [asexual reproduction])

Question 11

advantages of AI? (4)

Answer 11

Semen can be frozen for a long time

Banks of sperm can be maintained

Less costly than transporting animals

Animals that will not breed in captivity can still reproduce

Question 12

disadvantages of AI

Answer 12

Decrease efforts being made to preserve species in the wild

Money spent on cloning and gene banks are expensive

Money could be used to help protect wild population in natural habitat

Question 13

what is the theory of cyptoplasmic inheritance?

Answer 13

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent prokaryotes before becoming organelles within eukaryotic cells.

Question 14

does each gamate contribuite equally to DNA? (explain)

Answer 14

each gamate (2) contribuit equally to the amount of nuclear chromosomes in a zygote, however does not equally contribuit the the amount of cyplasmic material

Question 15

maternal inhertance? vs paternal inhertance?

Answer 15

maternal = mother
paternal = papa

Question 16

maternal inhertance –> what do cells only receive from mom?

Answer 16

mitochondial DNA is 100% from egg cells

Question 17

patneral inhertance —> what do cells only receive from dad?

Answer 17

nuclear materals is 100% from sperm

Question 18

independent assortment and genetic inhertence? how does it work together?

Answer 18

Although mitochondria (and chloroplasts) are normally inherited from the mother, not necessarily genetically identical in the daughter cells

chloroplast (plant cells) go through independent assortment as well, therefore leading to genetically different cells (which can result in mutations)

Question 19

human genetic disorders are attribuited to mitochorial DNA (how, and what does this mean?)

Answer 19

Since mother passes down mitochondrial DNA, if you have a defective mitochondral DNA, you will have a disorder that is linked to energy metabolism, because the mitochrondia conducts cellular respiration.

Question 20

how does DNA swapping work?

Answer 20

Used to avoid the inheritance of mitochondrial diseases.

For a mother at risk of passing on a mitochondrial disease - the nucleus of a fertilized egg can be removed and

transferred to an unfertilized and enucleated egg cell with normal mitochondria from a donor female.

The resulting cell would then be transplanted into the mother.

(changing the environment for the egg to work)

Question 21

what is horziontal gene transfer?

Answer 21

the transfer of genetic information from one species into a different species

esult in one organism exhibiting a
characteristic of an entirely different organism.

Question 22

sea slug + alage?

Answer 22

sea slugs can photosynthesize because their body cells have chloroplast