11.3 Blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are blood vessels

(What are the different types of blood vessels)

A

Blood vessels are a complex networks of tubes that branch and rebranch

Many types of blood vessels

Aorta –> arteries – arterioles (TYPES OF ARTERIES)
Venca cava –> Veins –> Venules (Types of veins)
Cappiliaries

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2
Q

What are arteries?
- What type of blood does it carry, where does it deliver to?
- Exception?

What is its struction?
WHen the heart contracts and relaxes what does it do?

A

Type of blood vesse that carries blood away from the heart (A for away)
–> Usually carries oxygenated blood (because it carries blood away from the heart to the body to deliver oxygen)
–> EXCEPTION IS PULMONARY ARTERY (Deoxygenated blood to the lungs)

Made of:
1) 3 layers of tissues
2) Outer layer: elastin fibres

Elasticity allows artery walls to expand and contract, helping to pump blood

heart contracts: they expand
heart relaxes: they return to original size

*The pulse we can feel is expansion of larger arteries close to the skin

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3
Q

What are aterioles?
-> What is its made out (note that aterioles and arteries are made out of the same thing) of and how does it work (to move the blood/what is bloodmovement controlled by)?

A

A type of artery,
arteries turn into smaller blood vessels called arterioles

Arteries lead to cappiliaries.
Therefore arterioles control blood flow into capillaries

Nerve impulses cause the smooth muscle (Muscle that is involuntary) (Nervous systyen controls the arteries to contract or relax).
–> Controlling blood flow leads to temperature (vasodilation and vasoconstriction)

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4
Q

Flow chart of arteries (largest to smallest)

A

Aorta –> Arteries –> Arteroles (AWAY)

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5
Q

what are capillaries?
–> Function?
4 features that make them good

A

The smallest type of blood vessel.
–> Receives blood from arterioles.
–> Because so small there is an abundant of them, and they form a network of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to every cell.

THE SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE AND NUTRIENTS EXCHANGE.

1) Very small (smaller diameter)
2) Very thin, 1 cell layer thick
3) RBC travels in a straight line
4) No body cell is 2 cells away from capilliaries.

–> Blood has a significant decrease in pressure when they enter the capillaries.

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6
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The largest artery in the body, carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

—> Branches to majour arteries that link to other places
–> Receives blood from the left ventricle.

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7
Q

Why do capilliaries not have high blood pressure if they are so small? Why?

A

MIllions of capillaries = larger total cross section

–> Resulting in decreased blood pressure (From a river to many small streams)

Significant decrease in the rate at which the blood flows through capillaries (allows time for diffusion)

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8
Q

What is the structure of a capilliary?

A

Arteries and veins merge in a mirror image

Arteries –> Ateriole –> Capillary –> Venule —> Veins

No smooth muscle = cannot be controlled by the nervous system

–> Controlled by pre-capillary sphincters (Located at the branch, between the arterole and the capilliary)
—> Contract and relax to push blood flow

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9
Q

How do capillairies do gas exchange and nutrients exchange

A

Gas exchange = diffusion down the concentration gradient.

Nutrient exchange = pressure differences and water concentration differences.

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10
Q

How does blood flow in arterioles, beyond the smooth muscle?

A

-Temperature places a big role.
Losing heat = Vasodialation (Low blood pressure)
Reataining heat = Vasoconstruction (High blood pressure)

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11
Q

How does does vasodialation work?

A

-> Increasing the diameter of arterioles (dialation) = increase in blood flow.

However by increasing the diameter you lower blood pressure.

—> Used as a cooling stadgey/ because blood regulates body

1) Environment is hot
2) Nerve impules cause smooth muslces to contract
3) Body relaxes (dialates)
4) Bigger dialation = increased blood flow (Causing you too look more flushed)
5) Increased bood flow to the skin = blood is closer to its environment, and the environment can talk body heat

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12
Q

What is vasoconstruction?

A

The decrease in diameter of the arterioles.
–> Decreasing blood flow, but because the diameter decreases it means theres less volumn in the arterioles and therefore it can lead to high blood pressure

1) environemt is cold, body is rapidly looking heat
2) Nerve implushes contract smooth muscles to contract
3) Contraction = narrowing diameter (Arterioles are clenching)
4) Small blood flow = leess blood flow to the indivduals own epitheial cells.

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13
Q

What are the two main points/seeings you can take your pulse?

A

Radial Artery
Carotid Artery

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14
Q

What is the relationship between pulse rate and exercise? Why does this occur?

A

Increased excersize = increased pulse

Increased excersize requires more energy, more cellular respiration makes create ATP molecules = more oxygen needed

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15
Q

Why do you think the radial artery is the most commonly used pulse point?

A

least invasive, other arteries are deeper to get through therefore these are easier to detect your heart beats easiest to maintain in contact for long periods of time

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16
Q

WHat happens if you are unconciouse? Why check the carotid pulse?

A

-> Abscence of a pulse does not meant the heart is not beating
-> Potentially the pulse is not strong enough to get to these far locations, therefore the cartotid pulse (One near neck) is close

17
Q

WHy the radias artery and or the carotid arterry??

A

–> Other arteries are deeper, having more muscle, ffasica, fat, etc making it harder (Moe layers to get through, harder to detect)

18
Q

Veins what are they? WHat are venules?

–> What type of blood does it carry?
–> WHats the veins flow chart

A

Veins are a type of blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart, haviing a different structure than arteries.

have valves that open in one direction
prevent blood from flowing back in the wrong direction
with the help of contracting muscles (Skeletal muscles), they push blood towards the heart

Vena Cava:
veins merge into vena cava
biggest vein that brings blood directly into the heart (right atrium)

Venules are the smallest form of a vien, and are formed by merging capilliaries.
–> Carry deoxygenated blood (After picking up carbon dioxide and delivering oxygen and nutrients to body cells)
–> EXCEPTION: Pulmonary veins (Carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart)

-> Capillairies -> Venules -> Veins -> Vena Cava

19
Q

How are the structure of veins and arteries different

A

1) Wall thickness:
arteries have thicker walls that withstand high blood pressure (Receive blood from ventricles that pump with force)

Veins have thinner walls since they carry blood under lower pressure (why? as blood flows away from the heart they loose pressure due to the increase in total cross section causing a decrease in pressure)
(Capillaries had low blood pressure, now veins do after receviing the blood from the capillaries)

2) Valves
Veins have valves to prevent back flow, arteries do not have valves because the high pressure ensures one directional flow

3) Elasticity:
4) Arteries are more elastic, allowing the to stretch with the blood pressure and then recoil with each heart beat

4) Veins have a larger internal diameter (due to their thinner walls) (controlled my muscular movement, [indirectly contracting and relaxing veins]), while arteries have a small internal diameter and is controlled by smooth muscles

5) Blood flow direction
arteries = away
veins = towards

20
Q

What happens if you stand or sit for long period of time?

A

-Blood tends to pool (leading to fainting or clot formation), which reduces blood flow

—> veins are working against gravity (thats why you have vavlves)

walking or moving activates the skeletal muscle pump, where muscle contractions compress veins and help propel blood back to the heart.

21
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Buldging veins: veins become wekeaned

Damaged valves in legs –> because of standing or sitting for long periods of time - blood pooling in lower extremities

veins that stretch and do not rebound (with age) (elasticity does not play a large role in veins bhowever they are still elastic. they are more stretchy to hold more blood, however if they loose their stretch [ability to return back to its shape] the veins are weakened)

skeletal muscles do not move or contract enough (not allowing blood to flow)

circulation to brain decreases
increased likelihood of clots

22
Q

What are arteris made of?

A

3 layers of tissue

Outer: connective
Middle: Smooth
Inner: Epithelial

–> Out layer is elastic, allowing for the walls to expand and contract which helps the blood pump through the arteries.

When heart pumps blood to deliver around the body, arteries expand in diameter to accomodate/prevent and increase blood pressure. As heart releaxes arteries return to oringial size.

Big to small = pushing motion.

23
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force of blood on the walls of arteries
-> Evident when arteres swell when the heart contracts

Increase blood pressure = contraction
decrease blood pressure = relaxation

–> Blood volumn plays a big role in determining blood pressure.
–> Increased volumn = more pressure.
(More fluid in the same amount of space)

Elasticity helps tolerate the pressure and move the blood (Because it exerts the oppsoite force on the blood)
–> Stretching more volumn in veins = less blood pressure

–> Recoilling back to its shape = less volumn = more blood pressure.

24
Q

What is blood pressure measured with?

A

measured with a sphygmomanometer

cuff that fills with air until it cuts off blood flow to the arm (brachial artery)

air is released slowly from the cuff
listen for the sound of blood entering the artery

25
Q

What happens to blood pressue when heart contracts and relaxes (Name)

A

1) First reading on the meter - “Systolic Pressure”
–> The increased blood pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

2) Second reading “Diastolic blood pressure”
–> The decreases blood pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes.

26
Q

What is the normal blood pressure, what factors affect blood pressure?

A

120/80

Range of “normal” blood pressure can vary
Lots of factors that can affect it
Diameter of blood vessels, diet, age, weight, stress, activity level, medication

27
Q

What are some blood pressure irregulaties?

A

Hypotension: Low blood pressure
reduces the body’s ability to transport blood around the body (less force pushing blood through)

Hypertension: High blood pressure:
Consistent blood pressure above the range of normal values

28
Q

What causes hyper tension? Treatments?

A

Age - walls of blood vessels lose elasticity
Diets high in sodium - causes water to move into blood by osmosis → increased blood volume
heart has to work harder to pump blood around
can weaken arteries (too much force constantly pushing on the arteries) - rupture

Treatments:
diet, lose weight, exercise, medications

29
Q

The Lymphatic system (What does it affect) (How does it help?)

A

Plays a role in the…
1) Circulatory system
2) Immune system

1) Maintains blood volumn
2) Filters bacteria and other componets of blood

30
Q

How does it maintain blood volumn?

A

Protein leaks from blood to tissue –> Water in blood flows into tissue fluid (Interstitual fluid) (VIA OSMOSIS) —> Excess interstitual fluid collected in lymph vessels

31
Q

How does the lymphatic system help filter blood

A

Lymph vessels –> contains fluids, bacteria, foreign cells, dead/damage cells, fat muscles, filteres these componeys before delivering back to the blood.

32
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Largest organ in the lympatic system

—> Filtering
–> has many erthrocytes and leuokocytes

  • Help body fight by
    –> Providing RBC’s
    –> Proving WBC’s
    –> Increases oxygen