How does ventilation work? Flashcards
What is ventilation? What is its significance?
Mechnical exchange of gasses, (breathing)
–> How oxygen is moved into and out of the lungs.
Ventilation fulfills the 4th structural componet of “what makes the respiratory system effective”
–> Provides a breathing system, allows us to bring in oxygen rich and a get red of carbon dioxide rich air.
What are the two main stages of ventiliation? (And how does it work, in reference to pressure?)
1) inhalation
2) exhalation
Inhalation (inhaling) (Moving air INTO the lungs)
–> Air moves from high concentration to low concentration (down the concentration gradient)
–> The pressure inside the lungs is LESS than the environmental pressure (therefore the high pressure in the environemt moves into the lung until equilbirum of pressure.
Exhalation (exhaling)
–> Air moves out of the lungs
(The pressure in your lungs is higher than environmental presuure, therefore the air moves down the concentration gradent, and air moves to the environment)
How is this pressure created? (What organ?) “How is this concentration gradient created
1) Diaphram (Sheet of muscle
2) Intercostal muscles (internal and extrernal)
Diaphragm seperates the respiratory and digestive system, by being inbetween the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity
–> Large dome “parachute” shaped”
High pressure in lungs = lungs volumn smaller (more air in less amount of space)
Low pressure in lung = lung volumn large
(air in a large amount of space = less dense air = less pressure)
WHat does it mean when the diaphragm contracts?
CONTRACT = moving
–> Inhaling, diaphrapgm is moving down and making space for the lungs.
–> Increases chest volumns therefore reduces air pressure inside the lungs, and the air from outside (high pressure) moves into the lungs.
What does it mean when the diaphragm relaxes?
Exhalling, where the diaphragm is rising from its down position (Returning to its natural shape) (RISING = LESS ROOM)
–> Lungs decrease in volumn = more air pressure, therefore air moves out of the lungs than the environment.
What are the external intercostal muscles responsible for and how do they work?
responsibile for inhalation, when they contract, they pull the rib cage up and outwards (which creates more rooms for the lungs to expand)
–> they are active during tidal breathing.
When intercostal muscles are contracting, they are able to pull the lungs with them because of the plueral membranes and the plueral cavity. The visceral pleua membrane (is on the surface of your lungs) which sticks to the parietal pleura membrane (which is in the inside of your chest wall, touching your ribs and intercostal muscles), the plueral cavity sticks everything together.
What are the internal intercostal muscles responsible for and how do they work?
Responsible for exhalation, when active and when they contract, the pull the ribchange down and inwards (Less rooms for the lungs, increaseing air pressure and therefore air moves out of the lungs)
–> Known as the second set of intercostal mucles)
–> Only active during forced exhalation (A lot of excersize, and heavy breathing)
When intercostal muscles are contracting, they are able to pull the lungs with them because of the plueral membranes and the plueral cavity. The visceral pleua membrane (is on the surface of your lungs) which sticks to the parietal pleura membrane (which is in the inside of your chest wall, touching your ribs and intercostal muscles), the plueral cavity sticks everything together.
What is the difference between external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles?
Location
Function
Contraction
Pressure
Location: external located on outer surface of ribs
internatal located beneath the external intercostal muscles
Function: External: aid in inhalation, Internal: aid in exhalation
Contraction: External: pull the lungs outwards and upwards (expanding chest cavity), Internal” pull the chest cavity inwards and down (decreasing chest cavity)
Pressure: Extrernal: DECREASE in pressure, Internal: INCREASE in pressure.
What are plural membranes? What do they prevent? How many do we have?
Pleural membranes: a thing layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the lungs (1), and lines the thoracic cavity (2)
We have 2 membranes:
Visceral pleura (covers the outer surface of your lungs)
Parietal pleura (lines the thoratic cavity of your lungs)
With all of the contractions, these membranes prevent a friction issue.
These membranes produce a **lubricating fluid **that reduces friction during breathing. This fluid allows the lungs to expand and contract smoothly within the chest cavity as you inhale and exhale.
- Closely works with the pleural cavity
What is the space inbetween these 2 membranes? What is itcalled, what does it do?
Pleural cavity, a fluid fill cavity that prevents the membranes from seperating and allows them to slide past each other easily
–> Prevents the lung from collapsing
–>Protects your lungs
–> Because it holds the two membranes together, it prevents the lungs from collapsing, and allows them the lungs to exapnd as the chest walls expand.
Allows for the pulling that happens with the intercostal muscles.
What happens if there is damage to the plueral cavity?
Damage can be caused when air is introduced to the plueral cavity (ie by a stabbing or a broken rib)
Pneumothorax: medical condition where lung is collapsed because of the air inbetween the pleural membranes .
–> Rib cage is able to move, but the lungs cannot inflate because nothing is pulling on it (the two membranes are no longer held together)
–> if nothing pulls on the lungs, it cannot increase in volumn (therefore it cannot create a pressure difference)
–> No concentration gradeint = no air movement, resulting in sharp pain and breathing difficulities.
What is lung capacity? What does our total lung capcity depend on? (3)
How much air can our lungs hold, total lung capcity is the maximamount of air that can be taken into our lungs in a single breath,
dependent on
Sex (Male = more)
Body type (bigger body)
Lifestyle (smokers vs athletes)
EXPLAIN THE DIAGRAM IN WORDS! (all 6 terms) (where the are located)
Total lung capcity (the maximium air within your lungs from a single breath, encompasses the whole graph)
Tidal volumn (your normal breathing, which includes the inhales and the exhalaes) (consistient wiggly lines)
Inspiratory reserve volum (the addditonal amount of air you can breath in) (inhaling very hard) (spike up)
Expiratory reserve volumn (the additional air you can breath other) (Attempting to breath all of your air out) (spike down)
Residual volum (the air that will always be left in your lungs, you canot breath all of the air out) (no line, but encompasses/within total volumn)
Vital capcity (the maxmium amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible (encompasses tidal volumn, inspiratory reserve volumn, and expiratory reserve volumn)
What is tidal volume?
The normal, involuntary breathing.
–> Only using a fraction of our lung capacity
—> Normal breathing does not involve a compete exchange of air in the lungs (Which each breath, fresh air mixxes with the air already present in our lungs, because the tidal volumn of air is small [only bits of air going in our lungs] only a partial amount of air present in your lungs is replaced.
What is risdual volume?
(The black)
The air that is retained by the lungs, so it does not collapse, if there was no air in the lungs it would stick together like a balloon.
