kidneys

Question 1

muscles in afferent and/or efferent arterioles of kidney?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

bowman’s space becomes

Answer 2

proximal tubule

Question 3

renal bloodflow amount/m and % total

Answer 3

1.5l/m 20% total bloodflow

Question 4

normal gfr is

Answer 4

~120ml/min

Question 5

what’s in the box

Answer 5

macula densa/jga

Question 6

endothelium in glomerulus

Answer 6

fenestrated

Question 7

order of things in glomerulus

Answer 7

plasma, fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte

Question 8

podocytes are tied together by which 2 proteins?

Answer 8

podocin and nephrin

Question 9

basement membrane has which charge

Answer 9

-

Question 10

charge of albumin

Answer 10

-

Question 11

what molecular weight can’t get through gbasement membrane

Answer 11

5200daltons ish

Question 12

can albumin get through gbm? why?

Answer 12

no. too big and negative charge

Question 13

what is substance measured in eGFR

Answer 13

creatitine

Question 14

regarding serum creatinine - musclular person vs malnourished

Answer 14

high but no problem
low but could be a problem

Question 15

apical side of tubular cells faces..

Answer 15

wee tube lumen

Question 16

tubular cells held together by..

Answer 16

tight junctinos

Question 17

most absorption in PCT uses which gradient

Answer 17

sodium

Question 18

what gets pulled in via symporters in pct (3)

Answer 18

glucose
amino acids
phosphate

Question 19

renal glycosuria

Answer 19

sglt2 doesn’t work

Question 20

Bartter type 1 disease imitates which drug

Answer 20

frusemide

Question 21

pct role

Answer 21

bulk of reabsorption

Question 22

what is renal threshold

Answer 22

carriers get saturated so stuff gets peed out eg glucose in diabetes

Question 23

what exists to turn the medullary pyramids into a desert

Answer 23

loop of Henle

Question 24

Answer 24

A pelvis
B pyramid
C papilla

Question 25

thick ascending limb is permeable/impermeable to

Answer 25

permeable to salt
impermeable to water

Question 26

thin descending limb is permeable/impermeable to

Answer 26

permeable to water
impermeable to salt

Question 27

what prevents loop of henle

Question 28

where is nakatpase pump on tubular cells

Answer 28

basolateral (blood side)

Question 29

4 functions of distal nephron

Answer 29

K excretion
Regulation of sodium delivery to collecting duct
Urine acidification
Urinary concentration

Question 30

whcih channel controlled by aldosterone

Answer 30

ENaC

Question 31

where is EnaC channel

Answer 31

principal cell of collecting duct

Question 32

thiazides work on

Answer 32

Na/Cl symporter distal tubular cell

Question 33

which molecule Diabetes insipidus

Answer 33

ADH doesn’t work

Question 34

aldosterone analogue drug

Answer 34

fludrocortisone

Question 35

excess hydrocortisone metabolic acid or alkalosis

Answer 35

alkalosis because HCO3 is reabsorbed with the H+ exchanged for the K+ which leads to hypokalemia

Question 36

tx for thyrotoxic storm

Answer 36

Lugol’s iodine and then thyroidectomy

Question 37

meds for Graves disease

Answer 37

propanolol - symptoms
radio iodine - kill off cells
propylthiouracil - ?
carbimazole - inhibits thyroid peroxidase thereby preventing the iodination of the tyrosine residue on thyroglobulin

Question 38

what is wolff chaikoff effect

Answer 38

large amounts of iodine stop thyrotoxic storm temporarily

Question 39

what is serum and urine sodium pattern in SiADH

Answer 39

low normal (diluted) serum
high concentration in urine

Question 40

what are metanephrines

Answer 40

metabolites of catecholamines (adrenalin/noradrenalin)

Question 41

when would metanephrines be raised?

Answer 41

pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma

Question 42

symptoms of carcinoid syndrome… why?

Answer 42

cough flush wheeze
seratonin-producing tumour