histology Flashcards
what are the 4 layers of blood:air barrier
capillary endothelium (continuous, no fenestrations)
fused basal lamina
alveolar epithelium (type I pneumocyte)
surfactant
asthma histopatholgy
hypertrophy of smooth muscle
loads of eosinophils and other immune cells
mucus in lumen
hyperplasia of goblet cells
thicker basement membrane
type 1 hypersensitivity immunology
TH2 and IgE
what is atopic asthma
immune mediated response triggered by type 1 hypersensitivity
what attracts the eosinophils in asthma (2)
Il5 eotaxin
histology difference between asthma and bronchitis
bronchitis no eosinophils
who has bronchitis
smokers
obstructive=
mucus!!! asthma/bronchitis
what is this
bronchitis - no eosinophils
mucus
hyperplasia of goblet cells
langerhans type giant cells - where to you find them
nuclei arranged around the edges
tb granulomas
histology of tb
granulomas
pneumonia bacteria
pneumococcus
what type of cell are giant cells
secretory - caseating necrotic bit inside. disgusting
classificationi of pneumonia
bronchial or lobar
95% of lung tumours are
carcinoma
pneumonia
alveolar outlines are visible (thin pink strands) which are filled with aggregates of neutrophils – almost like an abscess.
bidivision of lung cancers
small cell carcinoma
non-small cell
where is squamous cell crcinoma
hilum
what stain
pap
why are these cells orange and what is wrong with them
pap stains keratin orange
high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
squam cell carcinoma
TUMOUR GRADE
Well differentiated or low grade
Moderately differentiated (in-between)
Poorly differentiated (does not resemble any cell type)
TUMOUR STAGE
If localised to organ of origin (low stage)
If metastasized to lymph node, bone etc.( higher stage)
Usually staged as
T (tumour size)
N (Nodal involvement and
M (Metastasis)
Cells show cytological atypia, intercellular bridges (yellow oval), abnormal keratinization (yellow circle)
who has adenocarcinoma of lung
non-smokers
where is adenocarcinoma of lung
more peripheral
adenocarcinoma
Irregular, closely packed glands efface normal lung microscopic appearance with atypical cell lining the glands and desmoplastic (fibrotic) stroma around them
very basophilic, oat-like appearance small cell carcinoma
high mitosis
what is paraneoplastic syndrome
tumour has para-hormonal properties eg ACTH production. secretory vesicles inside
macrophages become … when they make granulomas
epithelial histiocytes (secretory)
what hormonal syndrome is related with small cell carcinoma
Cushings - ACTH production
is keratin normal in the lungs
no
where/what are Clara cells
bronchioli, secretory cells because no goblet celss from here on down
goblet cells in bronchioles?
pathological
fibrous granularity on visceral pericardium - pericardidtis
vegetations on the valve made of blood clots - endocarditis
myocarditis. groups of cells where muscle tissue should be. fibrosis
Aschoff bodies - macrophages and lymphocytes
also pancarditis as infl in all 3 layers can be seen
what sort of cartilage is C
hyaline
why does hyaline cartilage stain blue
negatively charged moleules such as GAGs like aggrecan
bronchus - cartilage plates
what stain for musuc
PAS
bronchile
what is the black arrow
basement membrane thickening
what diagnosis
what cells
lobar pneumonia
neutrophils
