histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 layers of blood:air barrier

A

capillary endothelium (continuous, no fenestrations)
fused basal lamina
alveolar epithelium (type I pneumocyte)
surfactant

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2
Q

asthma histopatholgy

A

hypertrophy of smooth muscle
loads of eosinophils and other immune cells
mucus in lumen
hyperplasia of goblet cells
thicker basement membrane

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3
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity immunology

A

TH2 and IgE

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4
Q

what is atopic asthma

A

immune mediated response triggered by type 1 hypersensitivity

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5
Q

what attracts the eosinophils in asthma (2)

A

Il5 eotaxin

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6
Q

histology difference between asthma and bronchitis

A

bronchitis no eosinophils

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7
Q

who has bronchitis

A

smokers

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8
Q

obstructive=

A

mucus!!! asthma/bronchitis

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9
Q

what is this

A

bronchitis - no eosinophils
mucus
hyperplasia of goblet cells

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10
Q

langerhans type giant cells - where to you find them

A

nuclei arranged around the edges
tb granulomas

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11
Q

histology of tb

A

granulomas

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12
Q

pneumonia bacteria

A

pneumococcus

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13
Q

what type of cell are giant cells

A

secretory - caseating necrotic bit inside. disgusting

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14
Q

classificationi of pneumonia

A

bronchial or lobar

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15
Q

95% of lung tumours are

A

carcinoma

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16
Q
A

pneumonia

alveolar outlines are visible (thin pink strands) which are filled with aggregates of neutrophils – almost like an abscess.

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17
Q

bidivision of lung cancers

A

small cell carcinoma
non-small cell

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18
Q

where is squamous cell crcinoma

19
Q

what stain

20
Q

why are these cells orange and what is wrong with them

A

pap stains keratin orange
high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
squam cell carcinoma

21
Q

TUMOUR GRADE

A

Well differentiated or low grade
Moderately differentiated (in-between)
Poorly differentiated (does not resemble any cell type)

22
Q

TUMOUR STAGE

A

If localised to organ of origin (low stage)
If metastasized to lymph node, bone etc.( higher stage)
Usually staged as
T (tumour size)
N (Nodal involvement and
M (Metastasis)

23
Q
A

Cells show cytological atypia, intercellular bridges (yellow oval), abnormal keratinization (yellow circle)

24
Q

who has adenocarcinoma of lung

A

non-smokers

25
where is adenocarcinoma of lung
more peripheral
26
adenocarcinoma Irregular, closely packed glands efface normal lung microscopic appearance with atypical cell lining the glands and desmoplastic (fibrotic) stroma around them
27
very basophilic, oat-like appearance small cell carcinoma high mitosis
28
what is paraneoplastic syndrome
tumour has para-hormonal properties eg ACTH production. secretory vesicles inside
29
macrophages become ... when they make granulomas
epithelial histiocytes (secretory)
30
what hormonal syndrome is related with small cell carcinoma
Cushings - ACTH production
31
is keratin normal in the lungs
no
32
where/what are Clara cells
bronchioli, secretory cells because no goblet celss from here on down
33
goblet cells in bronchioles?
pathological
34
fibrous granularity on visceral pericardium - pericardidtis
35
vegetations on the valve made of blood clots - endocarditis
36
myocarditis. groups of cells where muscle tissue should be. fibrosis Aschoff bodies - macrophages and lymphocytes also pancarditis as infl in all 3 layers can be seen
37
what sort of cartilage is C
hyaline
38
why does hyaline cartilage stain blue
negatively charged moleules such as GAGs like aggrecan
39
bronchus - cartilage plates
40
what stain for musuc
PAS
41
bronchile
42
what is the black arrow
basement membrane thickening
43
what diagnosis what cells
lobar pneumonia neutrophils
44