June 27, Part 2 Flashcards
What does information processing model suggest
- that our brains are similar to computers
- > we get input from the environment, process it and output decisions
the process is:
1) Input
2) Process
3) Output
Does the information-processing model assume serial processing or parallel processing
- it suggests serial processing
- >but brain has capacity for parallel processing
What are the two types of sensory memory
- iconic memory(visual memory) and echoic memory(auditory memory)
- > note this memory lasts a few seconds
Describe the partial report technique
-report one part of a whole field in cued recall
- participants are given a cue which is associated with a certain set of characters
- > hear the cue and then you have to report that specific set
- 9/12 letters were recalled this way
- > suggesting 75% of the entire visual display was accessible to the memory
Describe the whole report technique
- required participants to recall as many elements from the original display in their proper spatial locations as possible
- > limit to four or five items
Describe working memory
- it is the sensory information that you actually process
- > it is memory that is stored while it is held in attention
- > can hold up to 7+/- 2 pieces of info at a time
Describe the working memory model
- processing occurs at the:
- > visuo-spatial sketchpad
- > phonological loop(verbal info)
- > episodic buffer(connected for information to be stored in the long-term memory)
- note that all this processing is controlled by the central executive
- > it also coordinates the activity between the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the phonological loop
What does the dual coding hypothesis state
-that it is easier to remember words associated with images than remember those words by itself
- the method of loci is helpful for this
- > you visualize the topic to be remembered
What are the two categories of long term memory
-it is implicit memory and explicit memory
Do implicit memories occur unconsciously
-yes they occur unconsciously
What is the relationship between implicit memories and priming
- implicit memories arise from priming
- note also all memories formed by conditioning are implicit memories
Contrast negative priming and positive priming
Negative priming
- > an implicit memory effect
- > in which prior exposure to the stimulus unfavourably influences the response to the same stimulus
- > caused by experiencing the stimuli and then ignoring it
- note that it lowers the speed to slower than un-primed levels
Positive priming
- > caused by spreading activation
- > it speeds up processing
What is autobiographical memory
- it is memory consisting of episodes recollected from an individual’s life
- > it is based on combination of episodic and semantic memory
What is the definition of encoding
- it is transferring information from the temporary store in the working memory to the permanent store in the long-term memory
- note encoding is more successful when more cognitive effort is used
What are different strategies to encoding
1) Rote rehearsal
- >say the stuff over and over to remember
- >least effective technique
2) Chunking
- >group info into meaningful categories
3)Mnemonic devices
->link what you are trying to learn to previously existing memory
->eg; imagery, pegword system, method of loci, Pegword+ Method of Loci
and Acronym.
4) Self referencing
- >how does it relate to you personally
5)Spacing of studying
What is successful retrieval of memory
- it depends on being able to use the cues around you
- >and recognize the association between cues present at encoding and cue present at retrieval
What is the definition of retrieval
- anything you pull out of long-term memory
- >and bring into conscious memory(working memory)
What is the most difficult type of recall to the easiest type. Differentiate between free recall, cued recall and recognition
1) Free recall
- >no cues
- >best at recalling first items on the list(primary effect) and the most recent items on the list(recency effect)
2) Cued recall
- >having clues to remember words
- >added cues help you retrieve the information from long term memorry
3) Recognition
- >present two words and say which one you heard
- >retrieval of correct word is highly likely
What is schema
-mental blueprint containing the common aspects of the world
What incorrect results can schemas result in
-false information and misleading information
- misleading
- > eg; observers see a car crash
- > then asked how fast the cars hit each other
- > those who heard smash said the cars were going faster
What is meant by an error in source monitoring
- when people recall information
- >they often forget the information’s source
How can source monitoring be improved
-it can be improved by using more retrieval cues
What is source amnesia
- it is the inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information has been acquired
- note that FACTUAL knowledge has been retained
Can inattention impact memory formation
-yes it has a negative effect and can result in errors of memory
What is meant by the term long term potentiation
- note that brain doesn’t grow new cells to store memories
- > it just strengthens connections between neurons
-note long term potentiation is an example of synaptic plasticity
Describe long term potentiation on the level of neurons
- in LTP
- >the same presynaptic neuron will elicit a stronger and stronger response in the postsynaptic neuron
Contrast retroactive interference from proactive interference
Retroactive
->new learning impairs the old info
Proactive
->something you learned in the past impairs the future information
Does implicit memory and recognition memory remain stable
-yes
Does semantic memory improve over time
- yes
- >just like crystallized intelligence and emotional reasoning
What happens to recall, episodic memory, processing speed and divided attention over time
-all of these things decline over time
What is the relationship between amyloid plaques and Alzheimer’s
-as Alzhemer’s progresses, more amyloid plaques build up
