June 27, 2019

Question 1

What structures are in the mesolimbic pathway

Answer 1

-you got the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and the hippocampus

Question 2

Where does the VTA send its dopamine to

Answer 2

-it sends dopamine to the amygdala(emotion), hippocampus(memory), nucleus accumbens(motor function) and prefrontal cortex(attention)

Question 3

Are there genetic risks with drug addiction

Answer 3

• yes if someone in your family has drug addiction
• > you have increased risk as well

-note that environment/choices makes a difference as well

Question 4

What is meant by the term tolerance

Answer 4

• tolerance just means you get used to a drug

- >so you need more of it to achieve the same effect

Question 5

What is the difference between intoxication and withdrawal

Answer 5

Intoxication

• > when the drug enters the body and exerts its effect on somebody
• > they are the behavioural and psychological effects on the person

Withdrawal
->exists after a period of use

Question 6

What is the difference between acute symptoms and post-acute withdrawal symptoms

Answer 6

Acute

• > few weeks
• > physical withdrawal symptoms

Post-acute

• > fewer physical symptoms
• > more emotional and psychological symptoms

Question 7

What are substance-induced disorders

Answer 7

• conditions caused by a substance

- >eg; high mood= mania, while low mood=depression

Question 8

What are substance-use-disorders

Answer 8

-occurs when using the drug causes a real degree of impairment in function of life, work, school or home

Question 9

What are the three sings of substance-use-disorder

Answer 9

1) Usage
- >increasing in large amounts of the drug?
- >stronger cravings

2) Withdrawal
- >are they physiologically dependent

3)Tolerance

Question 10

What is the only drug to which you can’t develop substance-use disorder

Answer 10

-caffeine is the only drug for which you can’t develop substance use disorder

Question 11

What is the function of methadone

Answer 11

• it activates opiate receptors
• > but acts more slowly so it dampens the high
• > reduces the high and eases the withdrawals

Question 12

How does cognitive behavioural therapy impact addictions

Answer 12

• it allows patients to learn to recognize their problematic thought patterns and develop more positive thought patterns/coping behaviour
• > they learn to anticipate certain situations

Question 13

What is motivation interviewing

Answer 13

• it involves finding intrinsic motivation to change

- >very goal directed therapy

Question 14

What are two types of cues that direct our attention. Describe them.

Answer 14

-exogenous cues and endogenous cues

Exogenous cues

• > don’t have to tell ourselves to look for them
• > bottom up processing
• > eg; bright colours

Endogenous cues

• > require internal knowledge to understand the cue(top-down processing)
• > eg; cocktail party effect(concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd)

Question 15

What is meant by the term in-attentional blindness

Answer 15

• we are not aware of things in our visual field
• > because our attention is directed elsewhere in that field

-note the object is in ‘plain sight’

Question 16

Contrast distal stimuli to proximal stimuli

Answer 16

Distal stimuli

• > objects and events in the world around you
• > aware and you respond to this

Proximal stimuli

• > patterns of stimuli from objects that actually reach your senses
• > eg; light falling on your retina

Question 17

Contrast covert orienting from overt orienting

Answer 17

Covert
->brings spotlight of attention without body or eye movement

Overt
->person turns all or part of the body to alter or maximize the sensory impact of an event

Question 18

What is attentional capture

Answer 18

-attention is attracted by motion of an object or stimuli

Question 19

How is orienting attention accomplished in the brain. Which structure primarily?

Answer 19

• basal forebrain

- >it is the acetylcholine produced in the basal forebrain that directs attention from one stimulus to another

Question 20

Where does the acetylcholine from the basal forebrain go to?

Answer 20

-it goes to the nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis and media septal nuclei

Question 21

What is associated with executive attention

Answer 21

• it is associated with goal directed behaviour
• > or internal processes and anticipating the effects of a behaviour

-note dopamine from the VTA controls executive functioning

Question 22

Describe Broadbent’s Early Selection Theory

Answer 22

• a selective filter right away identifies what you are supposed to be attending to via physical(voice, pitch, speed) characteristics
• > filters out stuff in unattended ear

the process is:

1)sensory register

2) Selective filter
- >already described

3) Perceptual process
- >where you assign meaning to words

4) Conscious
- >decide how to respond

Question 23

Describe Deutch/Deutch Late selection theory

Answer 23

• selective filter comes after perceptual process
• > this means that you assign meaning to everything but then the selective filter decided what to pass on to the conscious

the process is:

1)sensory register

2) Perceptual process
- >assign meaning

3) Selective Filter
4) Conscious

Question 24

Describe Treisman’s attenuation theory

Answer 24

• instead of selective filter, there is the attenutator
• > which weakens but doesn’t eliminate the signal from the unattended ear

the process is:

1) Sensory register
2) Attenuator

3) Perceptual process
- >make meaning of the strong signals

4)Conscious

Question 25

What is the spotlight model of attention

Answer 25

• there is selective attention
• > we take info from 5 senses
• > but don’t pay attention to everything

Question 26

What is the resource model of attention

Answer 26

• we have limited resources in attention

- >resources are overtasked if we try to pay attention to multiple things at a time

Question 27

What three factors influence our ability to perform multiple tasks all at once

Answer 27

1) Task similarity
- >how similar are the two tasks

2) Task difficulty
- >harder tasks require more focus

3)Practice