June 27, 2019 Flashcards
What structures are in the mesolimbic pathway
-you got the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and the hippocampus
Where does the VTA send its dopamine to
-it sends dopamine to the amygdala(emotion), hippocampus(memory), nucleus accumbens(motor function) and prefrontal cortex(attention)
Are there genetic risks with drug addiction
- yes if someone in your family has drug addiction
- > you have increased risk as well
-note that environment/choices makes a difference as well
What is meant by the term tolerance
- tolerance just means you get used to a drug
- >so you need more of it to achieve the same effect
What is the difference between intoxication and withdrawal
Intoxication
- > when the drug enters the body and exerts its effect on somebody
- > they are the behavioural and psychological effects on the person
Withdrawal
->exists after a period of use
What is the difference between acute symptoms and post-acute withdrawal symptoms
Acute
- > few weeks
- > physical withdrawal symptoms
Post-acute
- > fewer physical symptoms
- > more emotional and psychological symptoms
What are substance-induced disorders
- conditions caused by a substance
- >eg; high mood= mania, while low mood=depression
What are substance-use-disorders
-occurs when using the drug causes a real degree of impairment in function of life, work, school or home
What are the three sings of substance-use-disorder
1) Usage
- >increasing in large amounts of the drug?
- >stronger cravings
2) Withdrawal
- >are they physiologically dependent
3)Tolerance
What is the only drug to which you can’t develop substance-use disorder
-caffeine is the only drug for which you can’t develop substance use disorder
What is the function of methadone
- it activates opiate receptors
- > but acts more slowly so it dampens the high
- > reduces the high and eases the withdrawals
How does cognitive behavioural therapy impact addictions
- it allows patients to learn to recognize their problematic thought patterns and develop more positive thought patterns/coping behaviour
- > they learn to anticipate certain situations
What is motivation interviewing
- it involves finding intrinsic motivation to change
- >very goal directed therapy
What are two types of cues that direct our attention. Describe them.
-exogenous cues and endogenous cues
Exogenous cues
- > don’t have to tell ourselves to look for them
- > bottom up processing
- > eg; bright colours
Endogenous cues
- > require internal knowledge to understand the cue(top-down processing)
- > eg; cocktail party effect(concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd)
What is meant by the term in-attentional blindness
- we are not aware of things in our visual field
- > because our attention is directed elsewhere in that field
-note the object is in ‘plain sight’
Contrast distal stimuli to proximal stimuli
Distal stimuli
- > objects and events in the world around you
- > aware and you respond to this
Proximal stimuli
- > patterns of stimuli from objects that actually reach your senses
- > eg; light falling on your retina
Contrast covert orienting from overt orienting
Covert
->brings spotlight of attention without body or eye movement
Overt
->person turns all or part of the body to alter or maximize the sensory impact of an event
What is attentional capture
-attention is attracted by motion of an object or stimuli
How is orienting attention accomplished in the brain. Which structure primarily?
- basal forebrain
- >it is the acetylcholine produced in the basal forebrain that directs attention from one stimulus to another
Where does the acetylcholine from the basal forebrain go to?
-it goes to the nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis and media septal nuclei
What is associated with executive attention
- it is associated with goal directed behaviour
- > or internal processes and anticipating the effects of a behaviour
-note dopamine from the VTA controls executive functioning
Describe Broadbent’s Early Selection Theory
- a selective filter right away identifies what you are supposed to be attending to via physical(voice, pitch, speed) characteristics
- > filters out stuff in unattended ear
the process is:
1)sensory register
2) Selective filter
- >already described
3) Perceptual process
- >where you assign meaning to words
4) Conscious
- >decide how to respond
Describe Deutch/Deutch Late selection theory
- selective filter comes after perceptual process
- > this means that you assign meaning to everything but then the selective filter decided what to pass on to the conscious
the process is:
1)sensory register
2) Perceptual process
- >assign meaning
3) Selective Filter
4) Conscious
Describe Treisman’s attenuation theory
- instead of selective filter, there is the attenutator
- > which weakens but doesn’t eliminate the signal from the unattended ear
the process is:
1) Sensory register
2) Attenuator
3) Perceptual process
- >make meaning of the strong signals
4)Conscious
What is the spotlight model of attention
- there is selective attention
- > we take info from 5 senses
- > but don’t pay attention to everything
What is the resource model of attention
- we have limited resources in attention
- >resources are overtasked if we try to pay attention to multiple things at a time
What three factors influence our ability to perform multiple tasks all at once
1) Task similarity
- >how similar are the two tasks
2) Task difficulty
- >harder tasks require more focus
3)Practice
