Chapter 1.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

In which nervous system is acetylcholine found in

A

-it is found in both the CNS and the PNS

  • in PNS
  • > it transmits nerve impulses to muscles
  • > it is mainly used by the parasympathetic nervous system but also the sympathetic one as well
  • in CNS
  • > it is used for arousal and attention
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2
Q

What is epinepherine, norepinepherine and dopamine classified as? What do they all play a role in?

A
  • they are classified as monamines, catecholamines or biogenic amines
  • > they all play a role in experiencing emotions
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3
Q

What is epinepherine and norepinepherine involved in? What are differences between them

A
  • they are both involved in alertness and wakefulness
  • norepinepherine is a more local level neurotrnamsitter
  • epinepherine is secreted from adrenal medulla
  • > can act on farther locations
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4
Q

What are low levels of norepinepherine associated with? What are high levels associated with

A
  • low levels are associated with depression

- high levels are associated with mania/anxiety

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5
Q

What does dopamine play an important role in? Where is it located in high concentrations of

A
  • dopamine plays an important role in movement and posture
  • high concentrations are found in the basal ganglia
  • > so it helps with smooth movements and maintain postural stability
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6
Q

Describe the role of dopamine in schizophrenia. Go into the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.

A
  • the hypothesis states:
  • > schizophrenia results due to over sensitivity or too much dopamine in the brain
  • > this results in delusions, hallucinations and agitation
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7
Q

How are Parkinson’s disease and dopamine related

A
  • Parkinson’s is related to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia
  • > leads to jerky movements
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8
Q

What is serotonin classified as? What does it play a role in?

A
  • it is classified as a monoamine or biogenic amine
  • it plays a role in sleep, eating, dreaming and mood
  • > it also plays a role in depression and mania
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9
Q

What role does GABA play and how does it play its role

A
  • it produces inhibitory post-synaptic post potentials
  • > hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane
  • this results in stabilization of neural activity in the brain
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10
Q

What is the role of glycine as a neurotransmitter? How does it act

A
  • it is involved in the central nervous system
  • increases chloride influx into the neuron
  • > hyperpolarizes the POSTSYNAPTIC membrane
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11
Q

What is the role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter?

A
  • it is an excitatory neurotransmitter

- that acts on the central nervous system

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12
Q

What are peptide neurotransmitters referred to as? How does it differ from that of regular neurotransmitters previously discussed?

A
  • they are referred to as neuromodulators
  • involved in more complicated chain of events in the postsynaptic cell
  • > than that of regular neurotransmitters
  • > therefore, they are slower than that of regular neurotransmitters
  • > also have a longer effect
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13
Q

Provide an example of a neuro peptide that is produced in the brain

A
  • examples include endorphins
  • they are natural painkillers produced in the brain
  • they are peptides
  • actions similar to morphine or other opiods in the body
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14
Q

What systems does the hypothalamus link?

A

-it links the endocrine system(travels by blood) and the nervous system

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15
Q

How are the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland related

A
  • they are related through the hypophyseal portal system
  • > this connects the two organs
  • > endocrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system
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16
Q

What is the master gland? The anterior or posterior pituitary?

A
  • the anterior pituitary is the master gland
  • it regulates the endocrine activity of other glands
  • > releases hormones that regulates the activity of other glands
  • > controlled itself by the hypothalamus
17
Q

What is the role of the adrenal cortex

A
  • the adrenal cortex is involved in producing many hormones called corticosteroids
  • > including the stress hormone CORTISOL
  • also produces sex hormones
  • > testosterone and estrogen
18
Q

What are innate behaviours a result of

A

-they are a result of evolution

19
Q

What is adaptive value defined as

A
  • it is defined as the extent to which
  • > a trait positively benefits a species
  • > by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species

-evolutionary fitness benefits then leads to natural
selection

20
Q

What is the assumption of family studies? In what kind of studies have they been used

A
  • that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals
  • > used in schizophrenia studies
21
Q

What do twins studies compare? What is the assumption

A
  • they compare concordance rates for a trait between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
  • > able to distinguish the relative effects of shared environment and genetics

-concordance rate= likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait

  • assumption is that both MZ/DZ twins share the same environment
  • > so differences is due to genetics
22
Q

What are adoption studies used for? Who does this study compare?

A
  • they are used for understanding environmental influences and genetic influences on behavior
  • these studies compare the similarities between adoptive relatives and adopted child