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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > July 18, 2019 > Flashcards

July 18, 2019 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Contrast biomedical approach from biopsychosocial models

A

Biomedical
->focused on biological, physical abnormalities

Biopsychosocial

  • > abnormalities
  • > includes psychological/cultural/social factors that is useful for the classification of mental disorder
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2
Q

What are depressive disorders

A
  • distress/disability from abnormally negative mood

- >mood is how someone feels sad

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3
Q

What are bipolar and related disorders

A
  • they are abnormal negative mood

- >they also have periods of abnormally positive mood called mania

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4
Q

Contrast obsessions from compulsions

A

Obsessions
>thoughts that occur involuntarily
->often unwelcome
->occur repeatedly

Compulsions
->activities that one must do and are often related to obsessions

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5
Q

Is schizophrenia rates equal in males and females

A

-yes it is

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6
Q

What is meant by the term prodrome

A
  • period of time before schizophrenia
  • > before symptoms are present

-prodrome leads to schizophrenia

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7
Q

What is halpperidol

A

-it is a drug used to treat schizophrenia

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8
Q

What is social psychology

A

-how individuals think, feel and behave in social interactions

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9
Q

Normative influence vs informative influence

A

Informative

  • > look to group for guidance
  • > because you don’t know if something is correct

Normative

  • > even if you know what’s right
  • > do what the group is doing to avoid social rejection
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10
Q

What is confirmation bias

A

-group members seek out information that supports the majority view

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11
Q

What is meant by conformity

A
  • peer pressure

- >how we adjust our cognition or behavior to match the group

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12
Q

What is meant by the term obedience

A

-describes how we follow orders or obey authority

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13
Q

What is meant by the term social anomie

A
  • breakdown of social bonds between an individual and community
  • to resolve social anomie, social norms must be strengthened and groups must redevelop sets of shared norms
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14
Q

How does social anomie relate to the functionalist theory

A
  • when social norms of social bonds are weak

- >a social anomie results

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15
Q

What is compliance

A

-situations where we do a behaviour to get a reward or avoid punishment

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16
Q

What is the just world phenomenon

A
  • idea that universe is fair so people must get what they deserve
  • > beliefs that good things must happen to good people and vice versa
17
Q

What are the factors influencing conformity

A

1) group size
- >more likely to conform with a group size of 3-5

2)Unanimity

3) group status
- >go with the opinion of the more popular individual or the one with higher status

4_Group cohesion
->need to feel connection with group to conform

18
Q

What is the bystander effect

A

-individual may feel less inclined to take action because of the presence of others in the group

19
Q

What theory explains the bystander effect

A

-the diffusion of responsibility theory explains the bystander effect

20
Q

What does social facilitation state

A
  • that the presence of others leads to a dominant response

- >dominant response refers to the response that would most likely occur

21
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law

A
  • presence of others improves performance on simple tasks and hinders it on difficult tasks or unpracticed tasks
  • note increased arousal occurs only when person’s efforts are evaluated
22
Q

What is meant by the term social loafing

A
  • tendency to put forth less effort in group task if the individual contributions aren’t evaluated
  • > less effort when in a group
23
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect

A
  • type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behaviour
  • > in response to their awareness of being observed
24
Q

How are norms reinforced in society

A
  • they are reinforced by sanctions

- >rewards and punishments for behaviours in accord with or against the norms

25
Q

What is the difference between a formal and informal sanction

A

Formal
->officially recognized and enforced

Informal
->unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishments

26
Q

What are the four types of norms

A

1) mores
- >norms based on moral values/beliefs
- >eg; truthfulness

2) Folkways
- >mildest type of norm
- >just common rules/manners we are supposed to follow on a day to day base

3) Laws
- >norms that have formal consequences

4) Taboos
- >behaviours completely forbidden or wrong
- >eg; incest

27
Q

What is meant by the term deviance

A

-deviance is the result of a norm being violated

28
Q

What is the theory of differential association

A
  • states that deviance is a learned behaviour
  • > which results from continuous exposure to others who violate the norms and laws
  • > we learn from the observation of others
29
Q

What is primary deviance

A
  • no big consequences
  • > reaction to deviant behaviour is very mild and does not affect the person’s self esteem
  • > individual is able to continue to behave in the same way without feeling immoral

-eg; all athletes of the team use steroids

30
Q

What is the difference between collective and group behaviour

A
  • collective involves short social interactions
  • > collectives can be open, while groups can be exclusive
  • > collectives have loose norms while groups are strongly held/well defined norms

-note groups have strongly held/well defined norms

31
Q

What are the three types of collective behaviours

A

-fad, mass hysteria and riots

32
Q

What are fads

A
  • behaviour that becomes incredibly popular very quickly
  • > but loses popularity just as quickly
  • > lasts for a short period of time
33
Q

Mass hysteria

A

-refers to a large number of people who experience unmanageable delusions and anxiety at the same time

eg; epidemic hysteria
->mass hysteria can be a result of psychology, like when large amount of people believe they havr the same illness despice lack of disease

34
Q

What is non-associative learning

A
  • when an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus
  • > eg; habituation and sensitization
35
Q

What is meant by the term habituation

A
  • when habituation stimulus is removed

- >in habituation, person tunes out the stimulus

36
Q

What is sensitization

A

-increase in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus

37
Q

What is discrimination

A
  • when you learn to make a response to some stimuli but not others
  • > want to respond differently to related stimuli
  • > different from generalization
38
Q

What is extinction

A

-when a conditioned stimulus does not exhibit a conditioned response anymore

39
Q

What is systematic desensitization. What is a form of it known as implosive therapy

A
  • it is a process involved in teaching the client to replace feelings of anxiety with relaxation
  • > works well with phobias

-implosive therapy is throwing a person into a room with all their fears

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (24 decks)

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