July 18, 2019 Flashcards
Contrast biomedical approach from biopsychosocial models
Biomedical
->focused on biological, physical abnormalities
Biopsychosocial
- > abnormalities
- > includes psychological/cultural/social factors that is useful for the classification of mental disorder
What are depressive disorders
- distress/disability from abnormally negative mood
- >mood is how someone feels sad
What are bipolar and related disorders
- they are abnormal negative mood
- >they also have periods of abnormally positive mood called mania
Contrast obsessions from compulsions
Obsessions
>thoughts that occur involuntarily
->often unwelcome
->occur repeatedly
Compulsions
->activities that one must do and are often related to obsessions
Is schizophrenia rates equal in males and females
-yes it is
What is meant by the term prodrome
- period of time before schizophrenia
- > before symptoms are present
-prodrome leads to schizophrenia
What is halpperidol
-it is a drug used to treat schizophrenia
What is social psychology
-how individuals think, feel and behave in social interactions
Normative influence vs informative influence
Informative
- > look to group for guidance
- > because you don’t know if something is correct
Normative
- > even if you know what’s right
- > do what the group is doing to avoid social rejection
What is confirmation bias
-group members seek out information that supports the majority view
What is meant by conformity
- peer pressure
- >how we adjust our cognition or behavior to match the group
What is meant by the term obedience
-describes how we follow orders or obey authority
What is meant by the term social anomie
- breakdown of social bonds between an individual and community
- to resolve social anomie, social norms must be strengthened and groups must redevelop sets of shared norms
How does social anomie relate to the functionalist theory
- when social norms of social bonds are weak
- >a social anomie results
What is compliance
-situations where we do a behaviour to get a reward or avoid punishment
What is the just world phenomenon
- idea that universe is fair so people must get what they deserve
- > beliefs that good things must happen to good people and vice versa
What are the factors influencing conformity
1) group size
- >more likely to conform with a group size of 3-5
2)Unanimity
3) group status
- >go with the opinion of the more popular individual or the one with higher status
4_Group cohesion
->need to feel connection with group to conform
What is the bystander effect
-individual may feel less inclined to take action because of the presence of others in the group
What theory explains the bystander effect
-the diffusion of responsibility theory explains the bystander effect
What does social facilitation state
- that the presence of others leads to a dominant response
- >dominant response refers to the response that would most likely occur
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law
- presence of others improves performance on simple tasks and hinders it on difficult tasks or unpracticed tasks
- note increased arousal occurs only when person’s efforts are evaluated
What is meant by the term social loafing
- tendency to put forth less effort in group task if the individual contributions aren’t evaluated
- > less effort when in a group
What is the Hawthorne effect
- type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behaviour
- > in response to their awareness of being observed
How are norms reinforced in society
- they are reinforced by sanctions
- >rewards and punishments for behaviours in accord with or against the norms
What is the difference between a formal and informal sanction
Formal
->officially recognized and enforced
Informal
->unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishments
What are the four types of norms
1) mores
- >norms based on moral values/beliefs
- >eg; truthfulness
2) Folkways
- >mildest type of norm
- >just common rules/manners we are supposed to follow on a day to day base
3) Laws
- >norms that have formal consequences
4) Taboos
- >behaviours completely forbidden or wrong
- >eg; incest
What is meant by the term deviance
-deviance is the result of a norm being violated
What is the theory of differential association
- states that deviance is a learned behaviour
- > which results from continuous exposure to others who violate the norms and laws
- > we learn from the observation of others
What is primary deviance
- no big consequences
- > reaction to deviant behaviour is very mild and does not affect the person’s self esteem
- > individual is able to continue to behave in the same way without feeling immoral
-eg; all athletes of the team use steroids
What is the difference between collective and group behaviour
- collective involves short social interactions
- > collectives can be open, while groups can be exclusive
- > collectives have loose norms while groups are strongly held/well defined norms
-note groups have strongly held/well defined norms
What are the three types of collective behaviours
-fad, mass hysteria and riots
What are fads
- behaviour that becomes incredibly popular very quickly
- > but loses popularity just as quickly
- > lasts for a short period of time
Mass hysteria
-refers to a large number of people who experience unmanageable delusions and anxiety at the same time
eg; epidemic hysteria
->mass hysteria can be a result of psychology, like when large amount of people believe they havr the same illness despice lack of disease
What is non-associative learning
- when an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus
- > eg; habituation and sensitization
What is meant by the term habituation
- when habituation stimulus is removed
- >in habituation, person tunes out the stimulus
What is sensitization
-increase in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus
What is discrimination
- when you learn to make a response to some stimuli but not others
- > want to respond differently to related stimuli
- > different from generalization
What is extinction
-when a conditioned stimulus does not exhibit a conditioned response anymore
What is systematic desensitization. What is a form of it known as implosive therapy
- it is a process involved in teaching the client to replace feelings of anxiety with relaxation
- > works well with phobias
-implosive therapy is throwing a person into a room with all their fears
