July 11, 2019

Question 1

What is the morula

Answer 1

• it is when the zygote has split into 32 cells
• > the cells become tighter and they get closer together
• > differentiation is occuring

-the outside is the trophoblast and the inside is an embryoblast

Question 2

What are gross motor skills

Answer 2

• they are skills to do with the legs and the arms
• > they develop before the fine motor skills

-note there is a head to toe development

Question 3

What are permanent reflexes for babies

Answer 3

• breathing reflex
• pupillary reflex
• blinking reflex
• swallowing reflex

Question 4

When does puberty start for females and males

Answer 4

• for males, it is around 13 years old

- for females, it is around 11 years old

Question 5

What are primary sex characteristics

Answer 5

• genitalia in both genders

- >testes in male and ovaries in females

Question 6

What are the three specific changes to the brain that occur during adolescence

Answer 6

-prefrontal cortex, limbic system and the corpus collosum

Question 7

What are global changes that occur to the brain during adolescence

Answer 7

• synaptic pruning
• increased myelination
• > faster communication of neurons

Question 8

What is the difference between simple and complex traits

Answer 8

Simple traits
->linked to specific genes

Complex traits
->controlled or characterized by a group of traits

Question 9

Define temperament and is it related to environment

Answer 9

• it is broader than personality
• > it is the characteristic of emotional reactivity, intensity
• > temperament is established before babies are exposed to the environment
• > it is persistent as a person ages

Question 10

Is personality constant over a person’s lifetime

Answer 10

-yes

Question 11

What are dizygotic twins

Answer 11

• fraternal twins
• > fertilized separately
• > share 50% of genetics

Question 12

What is heritability defined as

Answer 12

• variability of traits that can be attributed to difference in genes
• > basically, percentage of variation of traits due to genes

Question 13

In which circumstances do heritability increase

Answer 13

• as environments become more controlled, differences in behavioral traits are tied to heritability
• more genetic variations leads to greater heritability

Question 14

Is heritability specific to the population being studies

Answer 14

• yes

- note that is not a broad estimate of nature versus nurture in a population

Question 15

What is epigenetics

Answer 15

• changes to gene expression resulting from factors other than gene/DNA sequence
• > addition of methyl groups for example makes it more difficult for transcription factors to come in and activate a gene

Question 16

Can PKU be managed by the environment

Answer 16

• yes
• > through a specific diet
• > specifically, a phenylalanine-free diet

Question 17

What is the field of ethology?

Answer 17

• it focuses on the observation of animal behaviours

- >specifically, overt behaviours

Question 18

What are the 3 main types of innate behaviour

Answer 18

1) Reflexes
- >eg; knee-jerk response

2) Orientation behaviours
- >regulating specially in our environments
- >eg; kinesis(change in speed), change in turning

3) Fixed-action pattern
- >sequence of coordinated movement performed without interruption

Question 19

What are the 5 characteristics of learned behaviours

Answer 19

1) Non-inherited
- >acquired through observation

2) Extrinsic
- >absent when animals are raised in isolation

3) Permutable
- >pattern/sequence that is changeable

4) Adaptable
5) progressive

Question 20

What is complex behaviour

Answer 20

• it is a combination of innate and learned behaviour

- >relationship between genes and environment in adaptation

Question 21

What is covert behaviour

Answer 21

-behaviour that is not observable

Question 22

What is the evolutionary approach to motivation

Answer 22

• role instincts play in motivation

- >what do humans do to survive?

Question 23

What is the cognitive approach to motivation

Answer 23

-thought processes drive behaviour

Question 24

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for motivation

Answer 24

-we want to satisfy needs in particular order

Question 25

Where does the pleasure principle originate from

Answer 25

• the Id
• > innate
• > it just wants to gain pleasure and or avoid pain

Question 26

Where does the reality principle come from

Answer 26

• the ego

- >it mediates the demands of the reality vs the demands of the id

Question 27

What is the drive-reduction motivation theory

Answer 27

-it is the motivation based on the need to fulfill a certain drive like hunger or thirst

Question 28

What are the 5 needs in the Maslow hierarchy

Answer 28

• Please Stop Liking Stupid Shit

P=physiological(food, water)

S=safety

L=love

S=self esteem

S-self actualization
->this is maximal potential

Question 29

What is the incentive theory

Answer 29

• it is the reward that is presented after the occurrence of an action
• > with the intention of that behavior occurring again

-note incentive theory focuses on positive reinforcement

Question 30

What kind of reinforcement does the drive reduction theory focus on

Answer 30

-it focuses on negative reinforcement