July 11, 2019 Flashcards
What is the morula
- it is when the zygote has split into 32 cells
- > the cells become tighter and they get closer together
- > differentiation is occuring
-the outside is the trophoblast and the inside is an embryoblast
What are gross motor skills
- they are skills to do with the legs and the arms
- > they develop before the fine motor skills
-note there is a head to toe development
What are permanent reflexes for babies
- breathing reflex
- pupillary reflex
- blinking reflex
- swallowing reflex
When does puberty start for females and males
- for males, it is around 13 years old
- for females, it is around 11 years old
What are primary sex characteristics
- genitalia in both genders
- >testes in male and ovaries in females
What are the three specific changes to the brain that occur during adolescence
-prefrontal cortex, limbic system and the corpus collosum
What are global changes that occur to the brain during adolescence
- synaptic pruning
- increased myelination
- > faster communication of neurons
What is the difference between simple and complex traits
Simple traits
->linked to specific genes
Complex traits
->controlled or characterized by a group of traits
Define temperament and is it related to environment
- it is broader than personality
- > it is the characteristic of emotional reactivity, intensity
- > temperament is established before babies are exposed to the environment
- > it is persistent as a person ages
Is personality constant over a person’s lifetime
-yes
What are dizygotic twins
- fraternal twins
- > fertilized separately
- > share 50% of genetics
What is heritability defined as
- variability of traits that can be attributed to difference in genes
- > basically, percentage of variation of traits due to genes
In which circumstances do heritability increase
- as environments become more controlled, differences in behavioral traits are tied to heritability
- more genetic variations leads to greater heritability
Is heritability specific to the population being studies
- yes
- note that is not a broad estimate of nature versus nurture in a population
What is epigenetics
- changes to gene expression resulting from factors other than gene/DNA sequence
- > addition of methyl groups for example makes it more difficult for transcription factors to come in and activate a gene
Can PKU be managed by the environment
- yes
- > through a specific diet
- > specifically, a phenylalanine-free diet
What is the field of ethology?
- it focuses on the observation of animal behaviours
- >specifically, overt behaviours
What are the 3 main types of innate behaviour
1) Reflexes
- >eg; knee-jerk response
2) Orientation behaviours
- >regulating specially in our environments
- >eg; kinesis(change in speed), change in turning
3) Fixed-action pattern
- >sequence of coordinated movement performed without interruption
What are the 5 characteristics of learned behaviours
1) Non-inherited
- >acquired through observation
2) Extrinsic
- >absent when animals are raised in isolation
3) Permutable
- >pattern/sequence that is changeable
4) Adaptable
5) progressive
What is complex behaviour
- it is a combination of innate and learned behaviour
- >relationship between genes and environment in adaptation
What is covert behaviour
-behaviour that is not observable
What is the evolutionary approach to motivation
- role instincts play in motivation
- >what do humans do to survive?
What is the cognitive approach to motivation
-thought processes drive behaviour
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for motivation
-we want to satisfy needs in particular order
Where does the pleasure principle originate from
- the Id
- > innate
- > it just wants to gain pleasure and or avoid pain
Where does the reality principle come from
- the ego
- >it mediates the demands of the reality vs the demands of the id
What is the drive-reduction motivation theory
-it is the motivation based on the need to fulfill a certain drive like hunger or thirst
What are the 5 needs in the Maslow hierarchy
- Please Stop Liking Stupid Shit
P=physiological(food, water)
S=safety
L=love
S=self esteem
S-self actualization
->this is maximal potential
What is the incentive theory
- it is the reward that is presented after the occurrence of an action
- > with the intention of that behavior occurring again
-note incentive theory focuses on positive reinforcement
What kind of reinforcement does the drive reduction theory focus on
-it focuses on negative reinforcement
