July 4, 2019 Flashcards
What are the 4 major categories of stressors
1) Significant life changes
- >changes in your personal life
- >eg; death of loved ones
2) Catastrophic events
- >a large scale event that everyone considers threatening
3) Daily hassles
- >minor events
- >eg; forgot car keys
4) Ambient stressors
- >global stressors that are integrated with the environment
- >perceivable but hard to control
- >eg; pollution
What is a tend and befriend response
- better response to stress is to have support systems
- > oxytocin is important for this
- > peer bonding moderates stress response
What are the three stages of stress
1) Alarm
- >stress reaction kicks in
2) Resistance
- >fleeing, temperature elevated, blood pressure rises
3) Exhaustion
- >if ressistance isn’t followed by recovery, then our tissues become damaged and our immunity is dampened
How does extreme levels of stress affect reproduction in females and males
- FSH/LH and estrogen/progesterone can be inhibited
- > which reduce females reproductive capabilities
- in males, they have reduced testosterone
- also have erectile dysfunction, as blood vessels are constricted due to stress
What are the 2 areas of the brain with the most glucorticoid secretion
-it is the hippocampus and the frontal cortex
What are one of the major emotional responses of stress
- it is depression
- > leads to anhedonia
- > an inability to experience pleasure, so perceive more stressors
What happens during depression in terms of helplessness and the anterior cingulate cortex
Anterior cingulate
->stops responding to serotonin
Learned helplessness
- > people learn from having control ripped from their hands
- > so they lose the ability to identify coping mechanisms
- > cycle continues towards major depression
What are three ways of coping with stress
1) Perceived control
- >more control=less stress
- >low SES increases stress
2) Optimism
- >humor and optimism linked to decreased stress
3) Social support
- >one of the best coping mechanisms of stress
What are ways of managing stress
1) Exercise
- >regular exercise requires control
2) Meditation
- >lowers heart rate, blood pressure
3) Religious beliefs/faith
- >correlated by generally healthier lifestyle and social support
4) Cognitive flexibility
- >perspective change is huge in our perception of what is stressing us out
5)COping
What are three adaptive coping mechanisms
1) Proactive coping
- >one reduces the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for how one is going to cope with it
2) Social coping
- >seeking social support of others
3) Meaning-focused coping
- >person concentrates on deriving meaning from the stressful situation
What is the definition of low-effort syndrome or low effort coping
- it refers to the coping responses of minority groups
- > in an attempt to fit into the dominant culture
- > eg; minority students at school may learn to put in only minimal effort
- > as they believe they are being discriminated against
What spinal nerves are the PNS made up of
-it is made up of cranial(12 pairs) +spinal nerves(31 pairs)
What is a neuromuscular junction
-it is when the efferent neurons of the PNS(lower motor neurons) synapse on skeletal muscles
What is the diameter of the mechanoreceptors(vibration, touch, position) like
- these receptors have large diameter axons
- >have thick myelin sheath as well
What is the diameter of noci and thermo receptors like
- they tend to have small diameter axons
- >have thin or no myelin at all
