July 3, 2019 Flashcards
Describe the stages of Piaget’s development
1) Sensorimotor stage
- >object permanence develops here
2) Preoperational stage
- >pretend play(the use of symbols)
- >very egocentric(no empathy)
3) Concrete Operational
- >conservation is crucial here
- >also begin to learn empathy and reasoning of math skills
4) Formal Operational
- >moral reasoning
- >think logically about abstract ideas
How do you develop schemas?Two ways. This relates to Piaget
1) Assimilation
- >how we describe new information/experiences in terms of our current understanding
2) Accommodation
- >how we later adjust our schemas to incorporate new experiences to remember
What is problem solving
-moving from a current state to a goal state
What two categories are problems divided into
Well defined and ill defined
Well defined
- > clear starting and end point
- > has clear criteria of whether or not the goal has been achieved
Ill defined
- > more ambiguous starting and or ending point
- > an ill defined problem does not have an obviously stated goal or lacks relevant information to solve the problem
What are methods of problem solving
1) Trial+ error
- >take random guesses till something finally works
- >not efficient
2) Algorithm
- >methodical approach
- >a logical step-by-step procedure of trying solutions till you hit the right one
3) Heuristics
- >mental shortcut that allows us to find solution quicker than the other two mentioned
What are the three approaches to heuristics in problem solving
1) Means-end analysis
- >current state to goal state
2) Working backwards
- >goal state to current state
3) Intuition
- >relying on instinct
- >high chance of errors
What is fixation in relation to problem solving
- it is getting stuck on a wrong approach to a problem
- >insight is hard to predict when you are fixated on a problem
What are type 1 and type 2 errors
Type 1 errors= false positives
Type 2 errors= false negatives
What is conjuction fallacy?
- co-occurence of two instances is more likely than a single one
- > people tend to think the probability of 2 events occuring together is higher than the probability of one alone
Contrast availability to Representative heuristics
Availability
->what is already there in your mind
Representative
- > not thinking of exact memories
- > thinking of general typical concepts
What are biases that prevent us from making correct decisions or from changing decisions once they are made
1) Overconfidence
- >eg; going into a test without knowing a lot
2)belief perseverance
3) Confirmation bias
- >actively seeking out confirming facts
What are semantic networks
- concepts organized in mind in terms of connected ideas
- > parallel to how info might be stored in a computer
- > concepts are stored by nodes
-note the individual semantic network develops based on experience and knowledge
What did spearman suggest
- 1 general intelligence(g factor)
- >evidence comes from the fact that people who score well on one test also tend to score well on other tests
What did Robert Sternburg suggest? Mention the three types of intelligences
1) Analytical intelligence
- >academic
2) Creative Intelligence
- >adapt to new situations
3) Practical Intelligence
- >solve ill-defined problems
What is fluid intelligence
- ability to reason quickly and abstractly
- > such as when solving novel logic problems
- > it is the ability to think on one-s feet, be adaptable and solve problems using deductive and inductive reasoning
What is crystallized intelligence
-refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
What was Binet’s idea of mental age
-how a child at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age in years
What are the different theories of intelligence
1) General intelligence(Spearman)
- >used factor analysis to identify cluster of related abilities
- >one general intelligence(g factor)
2) Theory of primary mental abilities
- >7 factors of intelligence
- >word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning and memory
3) Theory of Multiple Intelligence(Gardner)
- >logical-mathematical
- >naturalist
- >musical
- >interpersonal
- >intrapersonal
- >bodily-kinesthetic
- >verbal-linguistic
- >spatial-visual
4) Triaarchic theory of intelligence(sternberg)
- >practical, analytical and creative intelligences
Where is Broca’s area and where is Wernicke’s area
Broca
->frontal lobe
Wernicke
->temporal lobe
What is a characterization of Wernicke’s aphasia
- it is when a person can produce a lot of words
- >but they don’t really make any sense with their words
What is global aphasia
- when both the Wernicke and Broca’s area is affected
- >it is a combination of impaired comprehension and impaired speech production
What is Wernicke and Broca area connected by
- they are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers known as the arcuate fasciculus
- > damage leads to conductive aphasia
- > ability to conduct between listening and speaking is disrupted
What is agraphia and anomia
Anomia
->difficulty in naming objects or retrieving words
Agraphia
->inability to write
Contrast right hemisphere from the left hemisphere
Left brain
->needed for language
Right brain
->needed for action/perception/attention
What is unversalism theory in relation to thought and language
-thought determines language completely
How did Piaget think of language and thought
- once children were able to think a certain way
- > they then developed language to describe those thoughts
-so thought INFLUENCES thought
What was Vygotsky’s perspective on language and thought
- language and thought are both independent
- > but converge through development
- > eventually learn to use them via socialization
What were the two linguistic determinism theories
Weak linguistic determinism
->thought influences language
Strong linguistic determinism
->thought determines language
What is critical period or sensitive period definition
-a point in early development that can have a significant influence on the physiological or behavioral functioning later in life
What is the interactionist approach to language
- believe biological and social factors have to interact in order for children to learn the language
- > this is associated with Vygotsky
