July 3, 2019 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the stages of Piaget’s development

A

1) Sensorimotor stage
- >object permanence develops here

2) Preoperational stage
- >pretend play(the use of symbols)
- >very egocentric(no empathy)

3) Concrete Operational
- >conservation is crucial here
- >also begin to learn empathy and reasoning of math skills

4) Formal Operational
- >moral reasoning
- >think logically about abstract ideas

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2
Q

How do you develop schemas?Two ways. This relates to Piaget

A

1) Assimilation
- >how we describe new information/experiences in terms of our current understanding

2) Accommodation
- >how we later adjust our schemas to incorporate new experiences to remember

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3
Q

What is problem solving

A

-moving from a current state to a goal state

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4
Q

What two categories are problems divided into

A

Well defined and ill defined

Well defined

  • > clear starting and end point
  • > has clear criteria of whether or not the goal has been achieved

Ill defined

  • > more ambiguous starting and or ending point
  • > an ill defined problem does not have an obviously stated goal or lacks relevant information to solve the problem
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5
Q

What are methods of problem solving

A

1) Trial+ error
- >take random guesses till something finally works
- >not efficient

2) Algorithm
- >methodical approach
- >a logical step-by-step procedure of trying solutions till you hit the right one

3) Heuristics
- >mental shortcut that allows us to find solution quicker than the other two mentioned

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6
Q

What are the three approaches to heuristics in problem solving

A

1) Means-end analysis
- >current state to goal state

2) Working backwards
- >goal state to current state

3) Intuition
- >relying on instinct
- >high chance of errors

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7
Q

What is fixation in relation to problem solving

A
  • it is getting stuck on a wrong approach to a problem

- >insight is hard to predict when you are fixated on a problem

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8
Q

What are type 1 and type 2 errors

A

Type 1 errors= false positives

Type 2 errors= false negatives

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9
Q

What is conjuction fallacy?

A
  • co-occurence of two instances is more likely than a single one
  • > people tend to think the probability of 2 events occuring together is higher than the probability of one alone
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10
Q

Contrast availability to Representative heuristics

A

Availability
->what is already there in your mind

Representative

  • > not thinking of exact memories
  • > thinking of general typical concepts
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11
Q

What are biases that prevent us from making correct decisions or from changing decisions once they are made

A

1) Overconfidence
- >eg; going into a test without knowing a lot

2)belief perseverance

3) Confirmation bias
- >actively seeking out confirming facts

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12
Q

What are semantic networks

A
  • concepts organized in mind in terms of connected ideas
  • > parallel to how info might be stored in a computer
  • > concepts are stored by nodes

-note the individual semantic network develops based on experience and knowledge

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13
Q

What did spearman suggest

A
  • 1 general intelligence(g factor)

- >evidence comes from the fact that people who score well on one test also tend to score well on other tests

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14
Q

What did Robert Sternburg suggest? Mention the three types of intelligences

A

1) Analytical intelligence
- >academic

2) Creative Intelligence
- >adapt to new situations

3) Practical Intelligence
- >solve ill-defined problems

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15
Q

What is fluid intelligence

A
  • ability to reason quickly and abstractly
  • > such as when solving novel logic problems
  • > it is the ability to think on one-s feet, be adaptable and solve problems using deductive and inductive reasoning
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16
Q

What is crystallized intelligence

A

-refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

17
Q

What was Binet’s idea of mental age

A

-how a child at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age in years

18
Q

What are the different theories of intelligence

A

1) General intelligence(Spearman)
- >used factor analysis to identify cluster of related abilities
- >one general intelligence(g factor)

2) Theory of primary mental abilities
- >7 factors of intelligence
- >word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning and memory

3) Theory of Multiple Intelligence(Gardner)
- >logical-mathematical
- >naturalist
- >musical
- >interpersonal
- >intrapersonal
- >bodily-kinesthetic
- >verbal-linguistic
- >spatial-visual

4) Triaarchic theory of intelligence(sternberg)
- >practical, analytical and creative intelligences

19
Q

Where is Broca’s area and where is Wernicke’s area

A

Broca
->frontal lobe

Wernicke
->temporal lobe

20
Q

What is a characterization of Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • it is when a person can produce a lot of words

- >but they don’t really make any sense with their words

21
Q

What is global aphasia

A
  • when both the Wernicke and Broca’s area is affected

- >it is a combination of impaired comprehension and impaired speech production

22
Q

What is Wernicke and Broca area connected by

A
  • they are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers known as the arcuate fasciculus
  • > damage leads to conductive aphasia
  • > ability to conduct between listening and speaking is disrupted
23
Q

What is agraphia and anomia

A

Anomia
->difficulty in naming objects or retrieving words

Agraphia
->inability to write

24
Q

Contrast right hemisphere from the left hemisphere

A

Left brain
->needed for language
Right brain
->needed for action/perception/attention

25
Q

What is unversalism theory in relation to thought and language

A

-thought determines language completely

26
Q

How did Piaget think of language and thought

A
  • once children were able to think a certain way
  • > they then developed language to describe those thoughts

-so thought INFLUENCES thought

27
Q

What was Vygotsky’s perspective on language and thought

A
  • language and thought are both independent
  • > but converge through development
  • > eventually learn to use them via socialization
28
Q

What were the two linguistic determinism theories

A

Weak linguistic determinism
->thought influences language

Strong linguistic determinism
->thought determines language

29
Q

What is critical period or sensitive period definition

A

-a point in early development that can have a significant influence on the physiological or behavioral functioning later in life

30
Q

What is the interactionist approach to language

A
  • believe biological and social factors have to interact in order for children to learn the language
  • > this is associated with Vygotsky