July 28, 2019 Flashcards
What kind of scheduling of reinforcement is a slot machine
-it is a variable ratio type of reinforcement
What are examples of fixed action patterns
1) Fixed action patterns
- >mating dances
2) Migration
- >birds flying south in the winter
3) Circadian rhythms
- >biological clocks
What is insight learning
- solving a problem using past skills
- >that aha moment
What is latent learning
-;earning behavior is not expressed until required
What is avoidance and escape
-both types of aversive control
Escape
->escape an unpleasent stimulus once it has occurred
Avoidance
- > signal is given before the aversive situation
- > eg; a fire alarm goes off and people know to evacuate
What does the elaboration likelihood model deal with
- it deals with persuasion
- > how attitudes are formed and likely they are to be changed
-evaluated either along the central route of persuasion or the peripheral route of persuasion
What are the 3 main character
1) Message characteristics
2) Target characteristics
3) Speaker or source characteristics
Contrast the central and peripheral processing
-for central, listener interest, motivation and importance are high
- for central, individuals focus on deep processing of the information
- > not just the superficial characteristics like the peripheral processers
- for attitudes, central creates a lasting attitude change
- > peripheral processing creates a temporary attitude change
What does the social-cognitive theory state. Note it was developed by Bandura
- views behaviours as being influenced by people’s traits/cognitions and their social context
- > essentially, cognition leads to environment which leads to behaviour
Describe the meaning of learned helplessness
- uncontrollable bad events can lead to a perceived lack of control
- > which leads to general helpless behaviour
How can tyranny of choice affect our cognition and behaviour
-it can negatively affect our cognition and behaviour
What is meant by the term self-control
-the ability to control our impulses and delay gratification
- need to have in order to control temptations
- > temptations is when desire conflicts with values or long term goals
How does ego depletion and self control relate
- the fact that self control is a limited resource
- > so if you use a lot of it, it can get used up
- > affect a later unrelated task that also requires self-control
What are ways to improve self control
1) change the environment
- >make your temptation harder to get
2) Operant conditioning
- >positive reinforcement/negative reinforcement
3) Classical conditioning
- >associate the unwanted act with something that would help you out
4) Deprivation
- >remove the object of temptation completely
- >this is problematic however
- >as it can really result in ego depletion
What is self concept
- it is how someone thinks about/perceives/evaluates themselves
- > derived from self-esteem and self-efficacy
What are the two parts to self concept
-it is existential self and categorical self
What is existential self vs categorical self
Existential self
- > most basic part of self concept
- > the sense of being separate and distinct from others
- > awareness that self is constant throughout lfie
Categorical self
- > understand that we exist in a world with others
- > as we grow older, we compare ourselves with others
What are the three components to self concept by Carl Rogers
1) self image
- >what we believe we are
2) Self-esteem/self worth
- >how much value we place on ourselves
3) Ideal-self
- >what we wish to aspire
What does the social identity theory consist of
1) personal identity
- >things unique to each person like personality traits
2) Social identity
- >includes the groups that you belong to in a community
Is it possible to feel self esteem without self worth
-yes
- however, you don’t necessarily feel self worth through high self esteem
- > for example, it is possible to think i am good at something(high self esteem) but yet still not feel convinced that I am loveable and worthy
What is the definition of self esteem
-the respect and regard one has for oneself
What is the definition of self efficacy
-belief in one’s abilities to succeed in a situation
Contrast people with strong self-efficacy from those of weak self-efficacy
Strong
- > people with strong-self efficacy recover quickly from setbacks
- > They rise
- > r=recover, i=interest, s-strong and e=enjoy
Weak
- > people with weak-efficacy can’t handle difficult tasks and situations
- > they FALL
- > f=failures, a=avoid challenges, l=lose confidence and l=lack ability to take on complex tasks
What are 4 factors that can affect self-efficacy
1) Mastery of experience
2) Social modelling
3) Social persuasion
- >when someone says something positive to you, it helps overcome the self-doubt
4)Psychological responses
Do self efficacy and self esteem match
-no they can be opposites of each other in certain circumstances
What was vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive development theory
- it was that children learned actively through hand’s on processes
- > parents/caregivers/cultural beliefs/language/attitudes are all responsible for development of higher function of learning through scaffolding
What are the five stages to Freud’s psychosexual theory
1) Oral
- >0-1
- >fixation here leads to anger issues
2) Anal
- >1-3
- >toilet training
3) Phallic
- >3-6
- >this is where the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex come in
- >if fixation occurs, then homosexuality may develop
4) Latent
- >no focus of libido
- >a period of exploration, development of social and communications skills
5) Genital stage
- >back on libido
- >individual develops strong sexual interests
- >focus on the needs of others
Old Age Parrots Love Grapes
What was meant by the term higher mental function by Vygotsky
- more sophisticated and mental processes
- > develops from skillful tutors, models, parents, teachers
-note higher mental functions result in independent learning and thinking
What are the three requirements for higher mental functions
1) More knowleadgeable other
- >a person with a better understanding than the learner
2) Zone of proximal development
- >part where most sensitive instuction/guidance should be given
3) Language
- >the main means by which adults transmit info to children
- >example: private/internal speech
What are reference groups
- the groups to which people refer in evaluating themselves
- >constantly looking for external groups that align with beliefs/attitudes/behaviours
What are Mead’s three stages of social behaviourism as a child grows up
1) Preparatory stage
- >imititation
- >can’t take perspectives of others
2) Play stage
- >more aware of social relationships
- >do pretend play like pretending to be a firefighter, doctor, etc
3) Game stage
- >start to understand the attitudes/beliefs/behaviior of generalized society as a whole
What is the I and me in Mead’s theory of development
Me= what we learn through interactions with others
- > the one who conforms
- > societies view
I=nonconforming, non-socialized person
->responds to the me
What is the concept of looking-glass self
- suggests that the self-concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us
- > based on the looking-glass self, a person who acquires a stigmatized illness is likely to internalize the stigmatization directed against her
What is the self-serving bias
- mechanism of preserving our self-esteem
- > more common in individualistic cultures
- if we succeed it is due to our internal/personal qualities
- > but if we fail, it is likely due to something outside of our control
What is optimistic bias
-it is a belief that bad things happen to others but not us
