Joints and ligaments and compartments of extremities

Question 1

what are the joints of the shoulder girdle

Answer 1

scapulothoracic
sternoclavicular
acromiocalvicular
glenohumeral

Question 2

Scapulothoracic joint
(describe/motions)

Answer 2

-Functional articulation: it is the scapula moving on the posterior wall of the thoracic
-motions:
1. elevation/depression
2. abduction (protraction)/adduction (retraction)
3. upward rotation (lateral rotation)/downward rotation (medial rotation)

Question 3

Sternoclavicular joint
(articulating surfaces, any accessory structures, and movements)

Answer 3

(SC) joint
-articulating surfaces: medial clavicle and manubrium of sternum
-Accessory structures: Articular disc
-movements:
1. elevation/depression of clavicle
2. protraction/retraction oof clavicle
3. upward rotation/downward rotation of clavicle

Question 4

S-C joint ligaments

Answer 4

Anterior sternoclavicular: medial clavicle to manubrium (in the anterior side)
posterior sternoclavicular: medial clavicle to manubrium (posterior side)
interclavicular: Between the clavicle onto the manubrium
costoclavicular: under the clavicle onto the ribs

Question 5

Acromioclavicular joint

Answer 5

Articulating surfaces: lateral clavicle and medial acromion
Accessory structures: articular disc
Motions: glides with scapulothoracic motion s (cannot voluntarily move the AC joint without moving the scapular

Question 6

A-C ligaments

Answer 6

Capsule: wraps around the joint
Acromioclavicular: around the AC capsule
Coracoclavicular: keeps the joint from dislocating:
1. conoid: band more conical and medial
2. trapezoid: band thats trapezoid like and more lateral

Question 7

Glenohumaral joint

Answer 7

Articular surfaces: glenoid fossa and head of humerus
accessory structures: glenoid labrum (cartilaginous ring)

Question 8

Coracoacromio ligament

Answer 8

supports superior aspect of GH joint and prevents superior dislocation

component of corcaco-acromial arch (acromian, coracoid process and ligament)

Question 9

Joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint

Answer 9

-fibrous membrane lined by synovial membrane that forms bursa where tendons/areas of high friction
-attaches around glenoid fossa of scapula and anatomical neck of humerus
-superior, anterior, and inferior portion reinforced with glenohumeral ligaments
-inferior region has axillary fold to allow increased range for abduction (gives slack in the joint)

Question 10

Bursae (of the shoulder)

Answer 10

-a fluid filled joint
1. subacromial: between supraspinatus tendons and acromion
2. subdeltoid: between deltoid and joint capsule
-these can become inflammed

Question 11

G-H ligaments

Answer 11

1. coracohumeral (coracoid process to humerus)
2. Superior, Middle, Inferior Glenohumeral ligaments (reinforce anteriorly and superiorly)
3. Transverse humeral (between tubercles and encapsulates the bicep tendon

Question 12

Elbow joint articulations and motions

Answer 12

1. trochlea of the humerus with trochlear notch of the ulna
2. Capitulum of humerus with radial head
   - movement: forearm flexion/extension
3. proximal radio-ulnar joint: head of radius with radial notch of ulna
   - movement: forearm pronation/supination

Question 13

Elbow joint ligaments

Answer 13

1. radial collateral ligament
2. ulnar collateral ligament (Tommy John surgery fixes)
3. annular ligament
4. joint capsule

Question 14

What are the compartments of the arm and what separates them?

Answer 14

1. anterior
2. poster
   -lateral intermuscular septum, humerus, medial intermuscular septum

Question 15

What is the action and innervation of the anterior compartment muscles of the arm?

Answer 15

common action: elbow flexion
common innervation: musculocutaneous C5-C7

Question 16

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 16

1. Coracobrachialis
2. Biceps brachii
3. Brachialis

Question 17

What is the neurovasulature of the anterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 17

1. brachial artery (inferior margin o fetes major and crosses elbow joint medial to biceps tendon)
2. musculocutaneous nerve:
   -origin: lateral cord, brachial plexus
   -emerges laterally, continues as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
   - innervation: motor to anterior compartment and sensory to skin on lateral forearm
3. Median nerve: travels through arm with brachial artery and crosses elbow anteriorly (just passes through)

Question 18

What is the cubital fossa?
-borders?
-contents?

Answer 18

-area of transition between arm and forearm
borders:
-brachioradialis (lateral)
-pronator teres(medial)
-horizontal line between medial and lateral humerus epicondyles
Contents:
-median nerve
-brachial artery
-biceps tendon

Question 19

What are the arm posterior compartment muscles action and innervation

Answer 19

common action: elbow extension
common innovation: radial C5-T1

Question 20

what are the muscles of the posterior compartment?

Answer 20

1. triceps brachii (long head, lateral head, medial head)

Question 21

What is the poster compartment neuromuscular?

Answer 21

1. deep brachial profound brachii: travels in radial groove with radial nerve
2. Ulnar nerve: just passes through the arm
   -origin: medial cord of brachial plexus
   -crosses groove of humerus
3. radial nerve (posterior): enters arm with profunda brachii artery in triangular interval and passes medial to lateral in radial groove
4. radial nerve (anterior): distal arm emerges laterally and is a motor neuron to triceps brachii and then sensory to the posterior arm

Question 22

Distal radio-ulnar joint
-articular surfaces
-accessory structures

Answer 22

-articular surfaces: head of ulna and ulna notch of radius
-accessory structures: articular disc
-interosseous membrane: fibrous sheath that connects boarders of radius and ulna/transmits face back and forth and keep the bones from separating

Question 23

Posterior compartment of the forearm superficial layer muscles

Answer 23

-brachioradialis
-anconeus
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpiradialis brevis
-extensor carpi ulnaris
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digitorum minimi

Question 24

Posterior compartment of the forearm deep layer muscles

Answer 24

-supinator
-extesnor indicis
-abductor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-extensor pollicis longus An

Question 25

Anterior compartment of the forearm superficial layer muscles

Answer 25

-pronator teres
-flexor carpi radialis
-palmaris longus
-flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 26

Anterior compartment of the forearm intermediate layer muscles

Answer 26

-flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 27

Anterior compartment of the forearm deep layer muscles

Answer 27

-flexor digitorm profundus
-flexor pollicis longus
-pronator quadratus