Abdominal cavity

Question 1

Abdominal cavity borders+ contents

Answer 1

superiorly: diaphragm
inferiorly: superior margins of pelvis
- digestive system
- urogenital system
- endocrine system
- spleen

Question 2

Diaphragm attachments and innervation

Answer 2

Attachments:
1. xiploid process
2. costal magins
3. ribs 11 and 12
4. lumbar vertebra

Innervation:
1. phrenic nerve C3-C5
- right and left nerve that pass through the thoracic cavity between the pleura and pericardium

Question 3

what are the openings in the diaphragm

Answer 3

• caval opening
• esophageal opening
• aortic hiatus

Question 4

What structure(s) pass through the caval opening

Answer 4

-inferior vena cava
-located on the right and anterior to the aorta

Question 5

esophageal hiatus

Answer 5

esophagus
vagus nerve
-left of midline and anterior to aorta

Question 6

aortic hiatus

Answer 6

aorta
- left of midline and posterior to diaphragm

Question 7

Lumbar plexus nerves

Answer 7

• subcostal
• iliohypogastic
• ilioinguinal
• genitofemoral
• femoral
• lateral femoral cutaneous
• obturator

Question 8

subcostal nerve

Answer 8

• ventral root of T12
• motor to abdominal muscles
• sensory to T12 dermatome

Question 9

iliohypogastic nerve

Answer 9

Ventral root of L1
- motor Internal oblique and transverse abdominal
- sensory hypogastric region

Question 10

ilioinguinal nerve

Answer 10

• ventral ramus L1
• motor of internal oblique and transverse abdominis
• sensory to inguinal region

Question 11

genitofemoral nerve

Answer 11

• ventral rami of L1-L2
• sensory only: external genitalia and femoral triangle
• pierces psoas major, travels on its surface

Question 12

femoral nerve

Answer 12

• ventral rami L2-L4
• motor: anterior compartment thigh
• sensory: anterior thigh

Question 13

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Answer 13

Ventral rami L2-L3
- emerges lateral to psoas major and crosses iliacus
- sensory to lateral thigh

Question 14

obturator nerve

Answer 14

L2-L4 ventral rami
- motor: medial compartment
- sensory: mediaal thigh

Question 15

Sacral plexus

Answer 15

• anterior rami of S1-S4 and lumbosacral tank (ventral rami L4-L5)
• major nerves: superior/inferior gluteal, sciatic

Question 16

superior gluteal Nerve

Answer 16

L4-S1
- super to piriformis
- motor: glute med, glute min, TFL

Question 17

Inferior gluteal nerve

Answer 17

L5-S2
- motor: glute max

Question 18

sciatic

Answer 18

L4-S3
- inferior to piriformis
-motor: hamstrings, all leg muscles
- sensory: posterior thigh, skin below the knee (except medial)

Question 19

Peritoneum

Answer 19

lines abdominal cavity
- parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal wall
- visceral peritoneum: covers organs

Question 20

Mesentery

Answer 20

• fold of peritoneum that exists where there is a neurovascular structure exiting the organ

Question 21

What lies retroperitoneal?

Answer 21

• kidneys
• abdominal aorta
• inferior vena cava
• much of the duodenum
• ascending colon
• descending colon

Question 22

Stomach
- shape
- what empties into/out
- location
- function

Answer 22

• j-shaped
• esophagus empties into the stomach
• stomach empties into the duodenum
• located into the left upper quadrant (LUQ)
• function: chemical breakdown of proteins begins

Question 23

Small intestine
- shape
- function

Answer 23

• largest part of GI tract
• hallow tube
• digestion is completed
• all absorption occurs
• parts = duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 24

duodenum

Answer 24

• first part of the small intestine (smallest segment)
• C- shaped and wrapped around pacreas
• first part is intrapersonal then goes retroperitoneal
• function: mixes chemical secretions from the liver and gallbladder with the stomach secretions to facilitate digestion

Question 25

Jejunum

Answer 25

- proximal - LUQ - larger and thicker than ileum

Question 26

Ileum

Answer 26

- distal - RLQ - smaller and thinner than jejunum - opens to large intestine

Question 27

Large intestine

Answer 27

- cecum: Right iliac region - ascending colon: right abdomen to the right hypocondrium (hepatic flexure = curve) - transverse colon (splenic flexture = curve) - descending colon - sigmoid colon - anus

Question 28

cecum:

Answer 28

- ileum connects with cecum - beginning of large intestine - blind-ended sac - RLQ

Question 29

Appendix

Answer 29

RLQ - attached to cecum - function: unknown - McBurney's point = 1/3 of the way from ASIS to umbilicus q

Question 30

Appendix

Answer 30

RLQ - attached to cecum - function: unknown - McBurney's point = 1/3 of the way from ASIS to umbilicus

Question 31

Liver

Answer 31

- largest gland in the body - Located in the RUQ - functions in 1. producing bile to digest fat 2. filters blood for digestive tract 3. detoxifies chemicals, metabolizes drugs

Question 32

Gallbladder

Answer 32

- pear-shaped sac - lies on visceral surface of right lobe of the liver - receives, concentrates and stores bile from the liver

Question 33

Pancreas

Answer 33

- retroperitoneal, mostly posterior to the stomach - function: 1. produce enzymes that empty into the duodenum 2. digest carbs, proteins and fats 3. produce insulin and glucagon

Question 34

Spleen

Answer 34

- lies against diaphragm in LUQ - functions: 1. stores blood - phagocytizes foreign blood particles - produce WBC - recycles RBC

Question 35

Kidneys

Answer 35

- retroperritoneal - functions: 1. filters blood 2. excretes toxins, metabolic waste, excess ions 3. regulates blood volume 4. maintains proper balance of water, salts, acids and bases

Question 36

Ureters

Answer 36

- transports urine from kidneys to the bladder - anterior to psoas major, bifurcation of common iliac artery

Question 37

Hepatic portal system

Answer 37

- receives venous blood from the liver spleen pancreas gallbladder and GI tract - the portal vein delivers blood to the liver - blood passes through a vascular bed in the liver to remove nutrients and filter toxins in the blood - venous blood from the liver then return to the inferior vena cava

Question 38

Refered pain theory

Answer 38

- occurs when sensory information comes to SC from one location - interpreted as coming rom another location innervated by the same SC level - when pain information comes from region with low amount of sensory output, it is interpreted as coming from the area innervated by the same SC level

Question 39

Pelvic floor diaphragm

Answer 39

- levator ani muscles: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus - coccyges muscles