Iron

Question 1

what are some general sources of iron

Answer 1

red meat, seafood, legumes, leafy greens, dried fruit, fortified flours

Question 2

what are some excellent sources of iron

Answer 2

clams, eastern oysters, beef liver

Question 3

what are some good sources of iron

Answer 3

cooked spinach, collards, legumes, eye of the round beef, ground beef, dark meat turkey,

Question 4

what are some other sources of iron

Answer 4

chicken, pork, salmon, grouper, green peas, broccoli, dried apricots, pasta, quinoa, rice, bread

Question 5

how is heme iron digested

Answer 5

hydrolyzed from globulin by proteases

Question 6

where is heme iron digested

Answer 6

stomach and SI

Question 7

where is heme iron absorbed

Answer 7

duodenum and proximal jejunum

Question 8

how much of heme iron is absorbed

Answer 8

25%

Question 9

how is heme iron absorbed

Answer 9

heme carrier protein 1 (hcp1) moves across brush border, sometimes assisted with PCFT. Then heme oxygenases inside cell hydrolyze porphyrin ring into ferrous iron and protoporhyrin

Question 10

where is heme iron found

Answer 10

meat and animal products

Question 11

where is nonheme iron found

Answer 11

plant sources

Question 12

how is nonheme iron digested

Answer 12

hydrolyzed in GI bu HCL and proteases. Cause ferric iron to convert to ferrous iron

Question 13

Ferric iron can do two things, what are they

Answer 13

complex to ferric hydroxide, which is not absorbed OR reduced to ferrous state by cytochrome reducatases

Question 14

what is the main transporter in the brush border

Answer 14

DCT/DMT1

Question 15

Once inside the enterocyte, iron

Answer 15

binds to PCBP1, Transcytosis via DMT1-bound ferrous iron, or turned to mobilferrin

Question 16

The regulation of iron absorption is regulated by

Answer 16

hepcidin, a liver protein

Question 17

these inhibit nonheme iron absorption

Answer 17

polyphenols, oxalic acid, phytic acid, phosvitin, calcium, zinc, manganese

Question 18

these enhance nonheme absorption

Answer 18

fructose, sorbitol, ascorbic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric, meat, poultry, fish, mucin

Question 19

how is iron transported

Answer 19

attached to transferrin

Question 20

where is iron stored

Answer 20

liver, bone marrow, spleen

Question 21

how is iron stored

Answer 21

initially apoferritin, transferratin, then moves to ferritin

Question 22

who is at risk for iron deficiency anemia

Answer 22

hemmorrhage, hemodialysis, GI transit time, diarrhea, infection, GI surgeries, protein-energy malnutrition, renal disease, achlorhydria, polonged antiacid/proton pump inhibitor use

Question 23

what are s/s of iron deficiency anemia in children

Answer 23

pallor, listlessness, behavioral disturbances, impaired cognitive tasks, irreversible impairment of learning ability, short attention span.

Question 24

what are s/s of iron deficiency anemia in adults

Answer 24

decreased productivity and work performance, fatigue, increased infection, disease

Question 25

how do we assess iron status

Answer 25

hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma ferritin concentration, transferrin saturation, TIBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC

Question 26

what are the s/s or iron deficiency

Answer 26

abdominal pain, V, diarrhea, blood in feces, hypovolemic shock, acidosis, coma, live failure.

Question 27

what is the RDA for iron in men

Answer 27

8mg

Question 28

what is the iron RDA for premenopausal women

Answer 28

18mg

Question 29

what is the iron RDA for pregnant wome

Answer 29

26mg/day

Question 30

what is the iron RDA for lactating women

Answer 30

9mg/day

Question 31

what is the TUL for

Answer 31

45mg/day