Introduction to Pharmacology! What is Pharmacology and How do Drugs Act? Flashcards
What is pharmacology?
The study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems
What is a drug?
A chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect
Why did pythagoroas not eat beans?
— fava bean ingestion was dangerous for some
* now known to be G6PDH deficient individuals
What did Robert Boyles do for pharmacology?
- He kinda just made shit up
— Surprisingly content with lack of scientific approach to therapeutics
What did Benjamin Franklin bring to the US?
– world traveler and gout sufferer; introduced colchicine to the U.S.
What did Paul Ehrlich do for pharmacology?
Modern Chemotherapy
— How to differentiate healthy tissue from invading pathogen
— Staining techniques led eventually to Gram staining
— arsphenamine (Salvasan)
* Treatment of syphilis
— 1908 Nobel Prize
What did Gerhard Domagk do for pharmacology?
- 1908
— synthesis of azo dyes - 1932
— Klarer & Mietzsch - patent for azo dyes containing sulfonamide group
— Domagk studied synthetic azo dyes for action against Streptococci and Staphylococci - 1933
— Prontosil (a red dye with the active metabolite = sulfanilamide) given to 10 month old infant with Staph septicemia - dramatic cure, but little credit given
— Domagk treats his own daughter with prontosil - dramatic cure, but he doesn’t tell anyone until later
- 1939
— Nobel Prize awarded to Domagk
What did Alexander Fleming do for pharamcology?
- Staphylococcus cultures contaminated with mold
- Crude mold extract administered to Strep. infected mice
- Crude drug recovered in urine (people)
▪ Mold identified as Penicillium notatum
What is important to know about the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) created in 1938
- Over 1,500 “drugs” have been reviewed and approved by the FDA
- Many drugs in wide use prior to FDA
— aspirin, colchicine, morphine, etc - On average, 25-30 New Molecular Entities (NME) approved by FDA every year
What is PKPD?
Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics
What is pharmacokinetics?
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
What is pharmacodynamics (part of pharmacology)?
- Drug-receptor interactions
- Signal transduction
- Drug effects
What is pharmacogenetics (part of pharmacology)?
- the metabolic fate of a drug based on individual genetic differences
- study of genetic influences on the responses to drugs
What is pharmacogenomics?
- the genetic basis of a drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and receptor-target affinity
— the genetic basis of a drug’s pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics
— an extension of pharmacogenetics - use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis
What is pharmacoepidemiology?
- The study of drug effects at the population level
- Concerned with variability of drug effects between individuals in a population and between populations
- Made possible with “Big Data” sets
What is pharmacoeconomics?
- The study of cost and benefits/detriments of drugs used clinically
- Made possible with “Big Data” sets
What are all the branches of pharmacology?
- Biochemistry & Biotechnology
- Physiology & Pathophysiology
- Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry
- Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
- Pharmacoepidemiology
- Pharmaceutics
- Pharmacoeconomics
What does the FDA do?
— administrative body that oversees drug evaluation process
* FDA grants approval for marketing new drug products
— evidence of safety and efficacy
— “safe” does not mean complete absence of risk
* FDA and USDA
— FDA shares responsibility with USDA for food safety
What is the dietary supplement health and education act (1994)?
— prohibited full FDA review of supplements and botanicals as drugs
— established labeling requirements for dietary supplements
What is “drug” as defined by FDA?
- A substance (other than food) recognized by an official pharmacopoeia or formulary intended:
— for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
— to affect the structure or any function of the body
— for use as a component of a medicine but not a device - Biological products are included within this definition and are generally covered by the same laws and regulations
What is a generic drug?
A generic drug is the same as a brand name drug in dosage, safety, strength, how it is taken, quality, performance, and intended use
What are the steps of drug development process?
What did Pual Ehrlich believe in developing?
Magic Bullet
What are the protein targets for drug binding?
- Receptors
- Enzymes
- Carrier Molecules (Transporters)
- Ion Channels
- Specific Circulating Plasma Proteins