Intro to Int. Metab., Bioenergetics & Oxid Metab.

Question 0

Intermediary Metabolism

Answer 0

Generates energy from fuel molecules to feed all cell of the body

Question 1

Define Metabolism

Answer 1

Sum of chemical reactions that occur in cell, tissue or body.

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

Oxidative degradation of complex nutrient molecules (C, L, P) obtained either from environment or from cellular reserves
Exergonic
energy captured by NADH or FADH to make ATP

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

Complex biomolecules (P, NA, PS, L) are assembled from simple precursors.
Endergonic
Covalent bonds formed
ATP driven

Question 4

Endergonic

Answer 4

Need Energy

+ ∆G

Question 5

Exergonic

Answer 5

Release

-∆G

Question 6

Catabolism energy poor end products

Answer 6

CO2 H2O NH3

Question 7

Anabolism precursor molecules

Answer 7

AA, Sugars, FA, Nitrogenous Bases

Question 8

negative ∆G

Answer 8

Proceeds to equilibrium - gives off energy

Question 9

positive ∆G

Answer 9

Needs additional energy to act

Question 10

Generic Pathway of Catabolism

Answer 10

Macromolecules to Building Blocks to Acetyl CoA

Question 11

Electron transporters in energy reactions a.k.a CoEnzymes

Answer 11

NAD+ and FAD

Question 12

ATP functions

Answer 12

• Store high energy chemical bonds
• resultant chemical energy can be turned into different kinds of energy (chemical, mechanical, heat)
• Second substrate
• Allosteric effector

Question 13

ATP as Second Substrate def. & e.g.

Answer 13

Kinases use ATP to transfer the terminal phosphate groups to various acceptors
- phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate with liberation of ADP

Question 14

Energy-Rich Molecules (+what process for each)

Answer 14

ATP - oxidative catabolism
GTP - gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis 
UTP - glycogen synthesis
CTP - lipid synthesis 
Acetyl CoA - Oxidative catabolism
Succinyl CoA - oxidative catabolism
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate  - glycolysis
phosphoenolpyruvate - glycolysis

Question 15

Anaerobic process (+e.g)

Answer 15

no oxygen

in Cytosol, glycolytic pathway

Question 16

aerobic ( + e.g.)

Answer 16

requires O2
in mitochondria
large mounts of energy

Question 17

Acetyl CoA Process - Oxygen rich

Answer 17

A CoA enter TCA - oxidized fully - generates GTP - reduces NADH and FADH that then enter terminal oxidation system to produce ATP

Question 18

Major energy generating rxns in Mitochodria (+ Location)

Answer 18

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) - Mitosol
Fatty Acid beta-oxidation - Mitosol
Krebs cycle - Mitosol
Terminal Oxidation (Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation) - Mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 19

Outer Mit. Membrane

Answer 19

Simple. Permeable. Few Functions

Question 20

Inner Mit. Membrane

Answer 20

Complex. 80% protein. semi-permeable.

Contains most energy systems

Question 21

Transporters

Answer 21

Part of inner membrane that regulates transport of molecules

Question 22

Substrate shuttles

Answer 22

Transport reducing equivalents from NADH in cytosol across the inner membrane for energy generation
Irreversible

Question 23

Transfer reducing equivalents from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix

Answer 23

Malate aspartate shuttle

alpha-glycerol phosphate shuttle

Question 24

Examples of cells that use glycolysis as main energy source

Answer 24

Chondrocytes Retina, Sclera White Muscle Cells Mature Erythrocytes

Question 25

Examples of cells that use Oxidative Phosphorylation (Glucose and Lipids) as main energy source

Answer 25

Liver Cells Cardiac Cells Red Muscle Cells

Question 26

Examples of cells that use Oxidative Phosphorylation (Glucose Only)

Answer 26

Adult Brain Cells