Intro to Int. Metab., Bioenergetics & Oxid Metab. Flashcards
Intermediary Metabolism
Generates energy from fuel molecules to feed all cell of the body
Define Metabolism
Sum of chemical reactions that occur in cell, tissue or body.
Catabolism
Oxidative degradation of complex nutrient molecules (C, L, P) obtained either from environment or from cellular reserves
Exergonic
energy captured by NADH or FADH to make ATP
Anabolism
Complex biomolecules (P, NA, PS, L) are assembled from simple precursors.
Endergonic
Covalent bonds formed
ATP driven
Endergonic
Need Energy
+ ∆G
Exergonic
Release
-∆G
Catabolism energy poor end products
CO2 H2O NH3
Anabolism precursor molecules
AA, Sugars, FA, Nitrogenous Bases
negative ∆G
Proceeds to equilibrium - gives off energy
positive ∆G
Needs additional energy to act
Generic Pathway of Catabolism
Macromolecules to Building Blocks to Acetyl CoA
Electron transporters in energy reactions a.k.a CoEnzymes
NAD+ and FAD
ATP functions
- Store high energy chemical bonds
- resultant chemical energy can be turned into different kinds of energy (chemical, mechanical, heat)
- Second substrate
- Allosteric effector
ATP as Second Substrate def. & e.g.
Kinases use ATP to transfer the terminal phosphate groups to various acceptors
- phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate with liberation of ADP
Energy-Rich Molecules (+what process for each)
ATP - oxidative catabolism GTP - gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis UTP - glycogen synthesis CTP - lipid synthesis Acetyl CoA - Oxidative catabolism Succinyl CoA - oxidative catabolism 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate - glycolysis phosphoenolpyruvate - glycolysis
Anaerobic process (+e.g)
no oxygen
in Cytosol, glycolytic pathway
aerobic ( + e.g.)
requires O2
in mitochondria
large mounts of energy
Acetyl CoA Process - Oxygen rich
A CoA enter TCA - oxidized fully - generates GTP - reduces NADH and FADH that then enter terminal oxidation system to produce ATP
Major energy generating rxns in Mitochodria (+ Location)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) - Mitosol
Fatty Acid beta-oxidation - Mitosol
Krebs cycle - Mitosol
Terminal Oxidation (Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation) - Mitochondrial inner membrane
Outer Mit. Membrane
Simple. Permeable. Few Functions
Inner Mit. Membrane
Complex. 80% protein. semi-permeable.
Contains most energy systems
Transporters
Part of inner membrane that regulates transport of molecules
Substrate shuttles
Transport reducing equivalents from NADH in cytosol across the inner membrane for energy generation
Irreversible
Transfer reducing equivalents from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix
Malate aspartate shuttle
alpha-glycerol phosphate shuttle
Examples of cells that use glycolysis as main energy source
Chondrocytes
Retina, Sclera
White Muscle Cells
Mature Erythrocytes
Examples of cells that use Oxidative Phosphorylation (Glucose and Lipids) as main energy source
Liver Cells
Cardiac Cells
Red Muscle Cells
Examples of cells that use Oxidative Phosphorylation (Glucose Only)
Adult Brain Cells