General Connective Tissue x Flashcards by Uche Anigbogu

CT Characteristics

Separated - Surrounded by ECM
Resident Cells & Wandering Cells
Well-Vascularized
Support Tissue
Derived from Mesoderm

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Resident Cells

Fibroblasts

Adipocytes

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Wandering Cells

Macrophages
Mast Cells
Lymphoctyes
Neutrophills wbc
Eosiniphills wbc
Basophils wbc

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CT Fxns

Support frameworks and filler
Transport of nutrients
Storage of metabolites
Defensive responses
Tissue repair

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Fibroblast - fxn, structure, other names

synthesis of CT fibers and ECM
Large, oval, pale nucleus
Chondroblast, Osteoblasts, Fibrocyte (inactive or quiescent)

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Adipose Cells - types, characteristics/fxns

Unilocular, Multilocular
Sensitive to neural and hormonal control
Thermal Insulation
Produces Leptin 
Shock absorbers
Space filler
50-150un
Surrounded by basal lamina - highly vasularized
15-25% body weight

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Unilocular - name, fxn, structure

White - Adults, Storage of neutral fats (triglycerides), 1 lrg lipid droplet

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Multilocular - name, fxn, structure

Brown - Newborns, Production of heat, numerous small lipid droplets

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Hyperplastic, Hyperthrophic

increase in the overall number of cells.

Increase in the size of individual cells.

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Leptin

Hormone that Inhibits appetite and stimulates metabolic rate

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Macrophages - Characteristics/fxn

Part of mononulcear phagoctye system
Immune response - antigen presentation
Ingests particles w/ lysosomes
Derived from blood monocytes
Nucleus  - oval or kidney shape

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Specialized names for Macrophages + location

Histocytes
Dust cells/Alveolar Macrophages - lungs
Kupffer Cells - liver
Microglia - neural tissue
Osteoclasts - bone

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Mast Cells - presentation, characteristics

Large, oval or elongate cells
bright purple (or pink) staining granules (basophillic)
Originate in bone marrow
Meditate inflammatory process, acute inflammation
Mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions

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Degranulation

Many IgE receptors on mast cell so binds IgE
IgE binds Ag –>–>–> Ca2+ release –> Mast granule fusion with plasma membrane and content release initiating inflammatory response.

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Mast Cells release

Preformed mediators and newly systhesized mediatiors

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Preformed mediatiors - def, types

released by mast cell granules
Histamine
Serine proteases
Heparin
Eosinophil chemotatic factor

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Histamine - fxn

Increased capillary permeability = edema
Blood vessel dilation
in airways - increase mucus and smooth muscle contraction

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Serine proteases - types, fxns

tryptase, chymase (role in angiotensis II production)

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Heparin

sulfated GAG , anticoagulant

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Newly synthesized mediators - def, types

Lipids and Cytokines made and released after mast cell activation and degranulation

Leukotrines
TNFalpha
INterleukins

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ECM components

ground substance

fibers

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Ground substance - def/types

amorphous and viscous intracellular mixture of proteglycans, structural glycoproteins and tissue fluid

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GAG - a.k.a, def

Glycosaminoglycans

long unbranched disaccarides with strong negative charge, attracts cations, attracts water, resist compression

Proteoglycans - def, fxn

GAG + protein core
attached via link protein to hyaluronic acid
Gel state in ECM - compression resistance
Barrier functions

Structural Glycoproteins - def, types/location

``` binds cell to ECM - cell adhesion, migration, signaling fibronectin - fibroblasts laminin - epithelial cells chonrocytes - chondrocytes osteonectin - bone ```

Fibronectin

from fibroblasts found in ECM | has binding sites for multiple components

Laminin

from epitihelial cells found in basal lamina binds to collage (type IV), intergrins, heparin, entactin ability to cross link very well

Tissue fluid - from, fxn

derived from blood plasma bound to neg. charge GAG transports nutrients and wasted nu hydro-static and osmotic pressure.

Edema

abnormal increase in CT fluid | associated w inflammation, venous obstruction or starvation (fall in colloid osmotic pressure)

FIbers

Collagen Reticular Fibers Elastic Fibers

Collagen - staining, # types

``` Bifringent Inelastic stains pink w/ H&E stains blue w/ Mallorys trichrome 4 major types ```

Collage Type I - location, function

tendon, dermis, bone, ligaments, cornea, dentin | Tensile strength

Collagen Type II - location, function

cartilage, nucleus pulposus, vitreous body | Resistance to Compression

Collagen Type III - location, function

smooth muscle, vessels, fetal skin | Compliance - ability to change shape a little

Collagen Type IV - location, function

Basal Laminae | Support and filtration Barrier

Collage Type I - Cell types, Structure

Fibroblast | Fibers - large

Collage Type II - Cell types, Structure

Chondrocyte | Fibrils - small

Collage Type III - Cell types, Structure

Fibroblasts, 'reticular', smooth mucscle, schwann, hepatpcytes

Collage Type IV - Cell type, Structure

Epithelia, endothelium, Schwann, Muscle fibers

Fiber - layers

Molecules x Many = Fibrils x many = FIibers x many = Bundle

Reticular Fibers - characteristics, fxn

seen in type III collagen Argyrophillic (silver staining) only form fibrils and fibers Provide support and change in shape

Elastic FIbers

provide stretch and recoil Yellow appearance, need special stains Found in aorta

ECM interface - fxns, types

adhesion, communication and cell movements Transmembrane structural glycoproteins Basement Membrane

Transmembrane structural glycoproteins, - type, fxn

Intergrins and dystoglycans | Adhesion, traction and bidirectional signaling

Basement Membrane - layers

Lamina lucida, Lamina densa, Lamina reticularis | Can see with light microsope

Connective tissue classifiaction

Loose/ Areolar CT | Dense CT

Loose/ Areolar CT - def, arrangement, fxns

``` Grounds substance predominates Loose arrangement -Support epithelium -Lines body cavities -Ensheates blood vessels ```

Dense CT - def, fxn, types

fibers predominate resist stress Regular (tendon) and Irregular (dermis sclera)

Lamina Propria

Loose CT in mucosa

Regular Dense CT - arrangement

fibrillar components arranged in same direction

Irregular Dense CT - arrangement

FIbers are in mesh=like arrangement | Can be moved/ strong in more than one plane

Reticular CT - arrangement

mesh-like

Adipose CT

more cells than matrix (unlike other CT)

Elastic CT - arrangement

Sheets/Lamallae

Embryonic CT - def, types

Undifferentiatied CT Mesenchymal Mucoid

Messenchymal - characteristics

only in embyro | scattered fibers - spindle or start shaped

Mucoid - characteristics

Found only in umbilical coil Loose amorphous Hylauronic acid - gel state of ECM