Breast Cancer Wrap Up

Question 1

Epithelial Cell Proliferation Regulation

Answer 1

• Regulation of signalling pathways (EGF, FGF, BMP/TGFB, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch)
• Regulation by integrin signaling
• Hormone levels (estrogen and progesterone)
• Presence of committed transit amplifying daughter cells

Question 2

In Carcinoma, cell proliferation affected by

Answer 2

genetic mutations, gene duplication, incorrect signaling, and hormonal status.
All lead to tumor formation.

Question 3

DCIS - characteristics

Answer 3

lesions more than 2mm and/or is present in more than one duct
proliferating cell DO NOT cross or destroy basal lamina of the duct (a.k.a In Situ)

Question 4

Grade 2 - name of disease at this grade

Answer 4

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Question 5

Epithelial sheets - characteristic

Answer 5

• Contiguous

- rests on and are attached to basal lamina

Question 6

Invasive behavior of cancer cells due to…

Answer 6

Intergrin signaling
Laminin
pRb
p53

Question 7

Intergrin Signaling -, action, effect

Answer 7

down regulates E-Cadherin - disrupts cell-cell adhesion allowing augmented cell motility
Upregulates matrix metalloproteinases - results in degradation of matrix components

Question 8

Laminin & cancer

Answer 8

abnormal expression promoted migration

Question 9

Retinoblastoma protein, fxn

Answer 9

Controls cell cyle

Question 10

pRb, hypophosphorylated, hyperphosphorylated

Answer 10

Hypo - arrests cell cycle

hyper - allows cell cycle progression

Question 11

Molecules that phosphorylate pRb

Answer 11

Cyclin and CDKs

Question 12

p53 , fxn, mutation result

Answer 12

Arrest the cycle at G1 and G2 checkpoints if the DNA is damaged. Triggers apoptosis if DNA not repaired.
Mutations bypass arrests and lead to cancer.

Question 13

BRCA 1 & 2 - fxn, numbers

Answer 13

participate in DNA repair, mutations are in 5-10% breast cancer (failure to repair or undergo apoptosis)

Question 14

ATM protien

Answer 14

.

Question 15

Angiogenesis, due to

Answer 15

VEGF upregulation

Question 16

Chemotherapy agents - fxn, types

Answer 16

Inhibits cell proliferation or DNA synth
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Alkylating agents
Anti-folates
Anti-Microtubles

Question 17

ER and PR receptors - location

Answer 17

cytoplasm (inside cell)

Question 18

Estrogen effect in Cancer, examples of treatment

Answer 18

stimulates cell proliferation
therefore, treatment = decrease estrogen
I.e. tamoxifen

Question 19

HER2 location

Answer 19

membrane outside cell

Question 20

Anti Her2 treatments

Answer 20

Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab, Trastuzumab - DM1

Question 21

Anti-carcinogenic agents

Answer 21

Anthrocycline
Taxol
Aromatase Inhibitors
Tamoxflin