Intracranial Haemorrhage Flashcards
What are the causes of traumatic intracranial haemorrhage?
Extradural haemorrhage
Subdural haematoma
Traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage
Intra-parenchymal contusions
What are the non traumatic intracranial haemorrhage?
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Vascular malformations
What are the causes of subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Aneurysm Trauma Vasculitis Carotid/vertebral artery dissection Arteriovenous malformations
What are the risk factors associated with aneurysmal SAH?
Hypertension
Smoking
Cocaine
Family history
How do aneurysmal SAH present?
Headache (worst imaginable, thunderclap)
Meninigsm (nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness)
Focal neurological deficits
Seizures
ECG changes
Reduced level of consciousness
What are some of the complications of SAH?
Re-bleeding from aneurysm
Vasospasm
Hydrocephalus
Seizures Electrolyte abnormalities
What is vasospasm?
Spasm of cerebral arteries presenting with blood in subarachnoid space
How is vasospasm diagnosed?
Transcranial doppler
CT angiogram
How is vasospasm prevented?
Nimodipine for first 3 weeks following SAH
Keep well hydrated
What are the risk factors of intracerebral haemorrhage?
Hypertension
Increasing age
Substance abuse
Underlying lesion
How does intracerebral haemorrhage present?
Contralateral weakness of face/arm/leg Dsyphasia Headache Nausea, vomiting Deteriorating conscious level
How is intracerebral haemorrhage diagnosed?
CT
What is the treatment for intracerebral haemorrhage?
Correct blood clotting (reverse warfarin)
Remove clot
Control blood pressure
What is an arteriovenous malformation?
Abnorma connection between arteries and veins
What is the treatment for arteriovenous malformation?
Surgical excision
Endovascular treatment
Focused radiotherapy
