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inheritance + protein synth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is inheritance

A

Inheritance is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

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2
Q

where are chromosomes located

A

Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of cells

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3
Q

what are chromosomes

A

thread-like structures of DNA, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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4
Q

what is a gene

A

A gene is a short length of DNA found on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein

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5
Q

what is an allele

A

Alleles are different versions of a particular gene

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6
Q

what is a haploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (e.g. sperm and egg) hence 23 chromosomes

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7
Q

what is a diploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes (e.g. in body cells) hence 46 chromosomes

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8
Q

what are female gametes

A

can only carry “X” chromosomes. Hence XX pair gives female

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9
Q

what are male gametes

A

can carry “X” and “Y” chromosomes. Hence XY pair gives male

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10
Q

which parent is responsible for the gender of the child

A

only a father can pass on a Y chromosome, he is responsible for determining the sex of the child

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11
Q

how many sperm cells are released during ejaculation

A

250 million

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12
Q

what are the two stages of protein synthesis

A

transcription
translation

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13
Q

what occurs in transcription

A

rewriting the base code of DNA into bases of RNA

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14
Q

what occurs in translation

A

using RNA base sequence to build amino acids into sequence in a protein

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15
Q

what are some examples of proteins a gene could code for

A

enzymes
antibodies
receptors
Neurotransmitter

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16
Q

what are the four main bases

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

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17
Q

what holds the four main bases together

A

phosphate backbone

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18
Q

which bases bond together

A

adenine-thymine
cytosine-guanine

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19
Q

how is adenine bonded with thymine

A

adenine forms a double hydrogen bond with thymine

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20
Q

how is cytosine bonded with guanine

A

cytosine forms a triple hydrogen bond with guanine

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21
Q

in a cell what are proteins made by

A

proteins are made by ribosomes

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22
Q

where are chromosomes located

A

inside the nucleus

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23
Q

what are chromatids

A

two lengths of a chromosome

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24
Q

where do chromatids join

A

at the centromere

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25
Q

how many chromosomes are there in a normal human body

A

23

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26
Q

definition of mitosis

A

nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells

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27
Q

first step of mitosis

A

Just before mitosis, each chromosome in the nucleus copies itself exactly

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28
Q

second step of mitosis

A

copy remains attached to the original, so each chromosome has 2 identical threads (known as chromatids)

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29
Q

third step of mitosis

A

the chromatids are pulled apart by cell fibres

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30
Q

3 functions of mitosis

A

Growth: mitosis produces new cells
Repair: to replace damaged or dead cells
Asexual reproduction: mitosis produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

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31
Q

what are stem cells

A

unspecialised cells

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32
Q

stem cells function

A

stems cell’s function is to divide via mitosis and produce new daughter cells that can become specialised in the body

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33
Q

main example of stem cells

A

zygote

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34
Q

how does a zygote display characteristics of a stem cell

A

A zygote divides several times by mitosis to become a ball of unspecialised cells (around 200-300 cells)

These are embryonic stem cells

These cells are all the same and start differentiating as the fetus develops with recognisable features

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35
Q

definition of meiosis and what is it used for

A

Meiosis is a type of nuclear division that gives rise to cells that are genetically different

It is used to produce the gametes (sex cells)

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36
Q

where is does meiosis take place

A

in the gonads of animals (testes, ovaries)

37
Q

are gametes haploid or diploid

A

gametes are haploid as they have half the number of normal chromosomes (23)

38
Q

step 1 of meiosis

A

Each chromosome makes identical copies of itself (forming X-shaped chromosomes)

39
Q

step 2 of meiosis

A

First division: chromosomes pair up along the centre of the cell, recombination occurs and then cell fibres will pull the pairs apart, each new cell will have one of each recombinant chromosome pair

40
Q

step 3 of meiosis

A

Second division: chromosomes will line up along the centre of the cell, cell fibres will pull them apart (as with mitosis)

41
Q

last step of meiosis

A

A total of four haploid daughter cells will be produced

42
Q

what is the importance of meiosis

A

used in the production of gametes
increases genetic variation in the offspring

43
Q

how does meiosis produce variation in the offspring

A

Meiosis produces variation by forming new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes every time a gamete is made,

44
Q

differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

meiosis:
4 cells produced (known as daughter cells)
daughter cells are haploid
daughter cells are genetically different from each other and the parent cell
two cell divisions occur

mitosis:
2 cells produced (known as daughter cells)
daughter cells are diploid
daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell
one cell division occurs

45
Q

define inheritance

A

Inheritance is the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next generation

46
Q

how many alleles do we have for each gene

A

2, as we have two copies of each chromosome and we have two copies of each gene

47
Q

eg of an allele

A

an individual has two copies of the gene for eye colour, but one allele could code for brown eyes and one allele could code for blue eyes

48
Q

what is a phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism

49
Q

what is a genotype

A

The combination of alleles that control each characteristic

50
Q

two forms of alleles

A

dominant and/or recessive

51
Q

how are dominant alleles inherited from parents to show up in a phenotype

A

only needs to be inherited from one parent

52
Q

how are recessive alleles inherited from parents to show up in a phenotype

A

needs to be inherited from both parents

53
Q

If the two alleles of a gene are the same, what is this known as

A

homozygous

54
Q

what does it mean to be homozygous dominant

A

having two dominant alleles

55
Q

what does it mean to be homozygous recessive

A

having two recessive alleles

56
Q

what does it mean to be heterozygous

A

if the two alleles of the gene are different

57
Q

in diagrams what letter is the dominant allele and what letter is the recessive allele

A

dominant = capital
recessive = lowercase

58
Q

2 examples of stem cells

A

basal cells of the skin
cells in the bone marrow

59
Q

when does meiosis occur

A

in the final stages of cell division leading to production of gametes

60
Q

what is a somatic cell

A

cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

61
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are there in a regular human

A

23 pairs
46 individual

62
Q

mitosis is used for what

A

growth and repair

63
Q

meiosis is used for what

A

reproduction

64
Q

where is mitosis ALSO used

A

asexual reproduction

65
Q

fourth step of mitosis

A

The cell divides into two; each new cell has a copy of each of the chromosomes

66
Q

during protein synthesis where is the gene coding for the protein located

A

the gene coding for the protein remains in
the nucleus

67
Q

what is a messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule that carries a copy of the information in DNA to a ribosome, to be used to synthesise a protein

68
Q

where are mRNA molecules made

A

mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus
and move to the cytoplasm

69
Q

ribosomes function in protein synthesis

A

the ribosome assembles amino acids into
protein molecules

70
Q

what is the specific sequence of amino acids in DNA determined by

A

the sequence of bases in the mRNA

71
Q

mitosis definition

A

nuclear division giving rise to
genetically identical cells

72
Q

definition of meiosis

A

reduction division in which
the chromosome number is halved from diploid
to haploid resulting in genetically different cells

73
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

an allele that is expressed if it is present in the genotype

74
Q

what is a recessive allele

A

an allele that is only
expressed when there is no dominant allele of
the gene present in the genotype

75
Q

codominance meaning

A

both alleles in heterozygous organisms
contribute to the phenotype

76
Q

how many chromosomes in a sperm cell

A

23

77
Q

how many chromosomes in an egg cell

A

23

78
Q

how many pairs of alleles in gametes

A

1

79
Q

monohybrid cross meaning

A

a cross where we consider the inheritance of only one gene

80
Q

where does protein synthesis occur

A

on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

81
Q

what does expressed mean

A

a gene is expressed when the protein that it codes for is synthesised in a cell

82
Q

how does dna control cell functions

A

by controlling the production of proteins, including
enzymes, membrane carriers and receptors for
neurotransmitters

83
Q

how are protiens made

A

the gene coding for the protein remains in
the nucleus
* messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of a gene
* mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus
and move to the cytoplasm
* the mRNA passes through ribosomes
* the ribosome assembles amino acids into
protein molecules
* the specific sequence of amino acids is
determined by the sequence of bases in the
mRNA

84
Q

what is gene mutation

A

gene mutation is a change in base sequence of DNA

85
Q

what is a gene mutation

A

a change in base sequence of DNA

86
Q

what are sex-linked genes

A

genes that are found on a part of one of the sex chromosomes, and not on the other sex chromosome; therefore they produce characteristics that are more common in one sex than in the other

87
Q

example of sex-linked genes

A

red-green colour blindness

88
Q

what is the benefit of being heterozygous of sickle cell anaemia

A

more resistant to malaria

bio (29 decks)

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