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human nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 5 main steps of digestion

A 
ingestion
digestion
absorption
assimilation
egestion
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2
Q

what is ingestion

A

intake of food by an organism

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3
Q

what is digestion

A

break down of large components of food to smaller components

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4
Q

what is absorption

A

sucking of digestive component of food into the blood

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5
Q

what is assimilation

A

transport of absorbed food to each and every part of the body

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6
Q

what is egestion

A

removal of undigested from the body by stools (potty 😭)

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7
Q

what are the food groups that are needed in a diet for it to be balanced

A 
carbs
proteins
lipids/fats
vitamins
minerals
dietary fibre
water
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8
Q

what are the function of carbs

A

source of energy, energy store

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9
Q

sources of carbs

A

bread, cereals, pasta, rice, potatoes

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10
Q

what are the functions of protien

A

growth and repair in the body
makes anti bodies in the body
source of energy
transport and storage of molecules

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11
Q

what are some sources of protiens

A

meat, fish, eggs, pulses, nuts

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12
Q

functions of fats/lipids

A

insulation layer
highest energy store
helps make cell membrane

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13
Q

what stores the most energy in the body

A

fats

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14
Q

sources of fats

A

butter, oil, nuts

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15
Q

function of dietary fibre

A

provides bulk (roughage) for the intestine to push food through

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16
Q

sources of dietary fibre

A

vegetables, whole grain

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17
Q

function of vitamins

A

helps heal wounds
bolsters immune system
converts food to energy, repairs cellular damage

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18
Q

function of minerals

A

helps in making enzymes and hormones

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19
Q

sources of vitamins

A

fruits and vegetables

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20
Q

sources of minerals

A

fruits, vegetables, meats and dairy products

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21
Q

function of calcium in the body

A

needed for strong teeth and bones, helps clot blood

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22
Q

what can a deficiency of calcium lead to

A

osteoparosis

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23
Q

what is vitamin c’s function in the body

A

forms an essential part of collagen protein, which makes up skin, hair, gum and bones

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24
Q

what is vitmain D’s function

A

helps the body to absorb calcium and required for strong teeth and bones

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25
Q

what does vitamin D deficiency cause

A

rickets, bones become soft and deformed

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26
Q

what does iron deficiency cause

A

anemia, tissues don’t receive enough oxygen

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27
Q

what does vitamin C deficiency cause

A

scurvy, bleeding of gums

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28
Q

which people need more protein in their body

A

young people to help them grow

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29
Q

which people need more calcium and iron in their body

A

pregnant women to help build the bones, teeth and give the baby a supply of healthy blood

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30
Q

what is the function of the mouth/salivary gland

A

site of mechanical digestion, teeth chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface are to volume ratio
amylase enzymes in the saliva start digesting starch into maltose

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31
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus

A

tube that connects the mouth to the stomach where the food bolus goes after being swallowed
wave-like contractions take place to push the food bolus down without needing help of gravity

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32
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

food is mechanically digested by churning actions while protease enzymes start to chemically digest proteins
HCL is present to kill bacteria in the food and provide optimum pH for protease to work (pH 2)
mucus is secreted by the stomach to prevent inner lining of the stomach from affects of acidic HCL

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33
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

what happens in which part of the small intestine

A

duodenum:- is where the food coming out of the stomach finishes being digested by enzymes produced in the duodenum and pancreas
pH of the small intestine is alkaline (8-9)
Ileum:- absorption of digested food molecules takes place, lined with villi to increase the surface area over which absorption takes place

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34
Q

what is the function of the large intestine

what happens in which part of the large intestine

A

water is absorbed from the remaining material in the colon to produce feces
feces are stored in the rectum and removed through the anus

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35
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

produces all 3 types of digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) can also secrete hormones and enzymes
secretes enzymes in an alkaline solution into the duodenum for digestion, to raise pH of fluid coming out of the stomach

36
Q

explain the role of mechanical digestion

A

breaks up food into smaller pieces without chemical change by teeth
increases surface area for enzyme action helps speed up chemical digestion

37
Q

what is the function of the liver

A

produces bile to emulsify fats
amino acids not used to make proteins are broken down in the liver which produces urea
urea used in the metabolism of nitrogen

38
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder

A

used to store bile and releases it into the duodenum

39
Q

what is glucagon

where is it produced

A

when the body has a low blood sugar level the pancreas secretes glucagon into the liver, and the liver then secretes it into the blood. this helps maintain the blood sugar level in the body

40
Q

what is insulin

where is it produced

A

when the body has a high blood sugar level, insulin is released from the pancreas and the fat cells take in the glucose from the blood and the body’s blood sugar level is restored back to normal

41
Q

where does glucose convert to glycogen

A

the liver

42
Q

where does absorption of digested products occur

A

small intestine

43
Q

which type of protease does the stomach release

A

pepsin

44
Q

What type of protease does the pancreas secrete

A

trypsin

45
Q

why do fats need to be emulsified

A

increases surface area for enzyme action (lipase)

46
Q

how does insulin affect the concentration of glucose in the blood

A

decreases

47
Q

how does insulin affect the uptake of glucose cells in the liver

A

increases it

48
Q

how does glucagon affect the uptake of glucose cells in the liver

A

decreases it

49
Q

how does glucagon affect the concentration of glucose in the blood

A

increases

50
Q

why is the control of the concentration of glucose in the blood an example of negative feedback

A

glucose concentration is kept within narrow limits, any change to this concentration is detected as a stimulus
glucose concentration will increase or decrease depending on the change to the normal concentration by using insulin or glucagon so as to bring the blood concentration level back to normal

51
Q

how is food moved along the small intestine

A

peristalsis

52
Q

how is food moved along the esophagus

A

peristalsis

53
Q

what are some structures of the villi (outermost to inward)

A

epithelial cell
blood capilary
lacteal

54
Q

what is the vein that takes blood away from the small intestine

A

hepatic portal vein

55
Q

why are microvilli advantageous

A

increase surface area

increase absorption by diffusion/active transport

56
Q

what are the differences between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion

A

chemical digestion breaks down molecules by breaking their bonds, using enzymes, and converts molecules from insoluble to soluble

mechanical digestion breaks down molecule to increase the surface area to mix/churn

57
Q

where is most soluble food absorbed into the blood

A

illeum

58
Q

how can gallstones affect the digestion of fat

A

less bile is secreted into the small intestine, less emulsification of fats, surface area of fats is not decreased, takes longer for lipase to break it down

59
Q

how is the ileum adapted to its function

A

long and hollow contains many villi
to increase surface area, increase the rate of absorption
microvilli on the surface of the villi further increase the rate of absorption
wall of villi is 1cm thick allowing for short-distance for diffusion and active transport

60
Q

what are some features of the microvilli that help it in its job

A

well supplied with a network of blood capillaries that transport glucose and amino acids away from the small intestine into the blood
Lacteal runs through the centre of the villus to transport fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph

61
Q

the hardest part of the teeth in order

A

Enamel

dentine

62
Q

what are some unique characteristics of dentine

A

dentine have channels with living cytoplasms in them

63
Q

what is the dental formula for permanent teeth

A

upper - 2 insicors + 1 canine + 2 premolar + 3 molar
lower - 2 insicors + 1 canine + 2 premolar + 3 molar
total teeth (4+2+4+6)x2 = 32

64
Q

what is the function of incisors

A

chisel-shaped, for biting off pieces of food and cutting them, 8 present in the mouth (4 upper, 4 lower)

65
Q

what is the function of the canines

A

used for biting of pieces of food and cutting

only in carnivores 4 in mouth (2 upper, 2 lower)

66
Q

what is the function of premolars

A

wide surfaces
used for grinding food
8 present in the mouth (4 upper, 4 lower)

67
Q

what is the function of molars

A

used for grinding, 8 present in the mouth (4 upper, 4 lower)

68
Q

dental formula for milk teeth

A

upper- incisors 2, canine 1, premolars 2, molars 0
lower- incisors 2, canine 1, premolars 2, molars 0
total = (4+2+4)x2 = 20

69
Q

what are heterodont teeth

A

the 4 main types of teeth, premolars, molars, canines, incisors

70
Q

what are diphydont teeth

A

the 2 sets of teeth

milk and permanent

71
Q

what are thecodont teeth

A

teeth are completely embedded in jaw bone of buccal cavity

72
Q

dental decay

A

acidic conditions dissolve tooth enamel which is the main cause for dental decay

73
Q

what are the positions of the circular and longitudinal muscles during peristalsis

A

circular muscles are contracted

longitudinal muscles are relaxed

74
Q

Explain the effect of cholera bacteria on the digestive system

A

cholera bacteria produce a toxin
toxin causes the secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine
lowers water potential
results in diarrhoea

75
Q

aerobic resp eq

A

c6h12o6 + 6o2 —> 6co2 + 6h2o

76
Q

chemical digestion definition

A

the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules

77
Q

mechanical digestion definition

A

the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

78
Q

structures of tooth from outward to in

A

enamel
dentine
cement
pulp

79
Q

function of cement

A

resist bite pressure produced by the teeth and jawbones.

80
Q

how do chloride ions move in and out of diffusion

A

active transport
against conc gradient
using respiration
through protein

81
Q

what does amylase work on and what products does it form

A

starch
forms maltose

82
Q

what does maltase break maltose down into

A

glucose

83
Q

describe the process of tooth decay in humans

A

sugar left on teeth
aerobic respiration of bacteria
produces lactic acid and dissolves tooth enamel

84
Q

State the exact location of maltase in the small intestine

A

membrane of epithelium

85
Q

what does hepatic portal vein do

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the intestine to liver

86
Q

where is maltase secreted

A

epithelial lining of the small intestine

87
Q

what does amylase break starch down into

A

starch to maltose

maltase—> maltose to glucose

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