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excretory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is excretion

A

removal of the waste product of metabolism, and substances in excess of requirements from the body.

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2
Q

why must carbon dioxide be excreted

A

Carbon dioxide must be excreted as it dissolves in water easily to form an acidic solution which can lower the pH of cells. which reduces activity of enzymes

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3
Q

what is the process of breaking down excess amino acids called

A

deanimation

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4
Q

how does the liver split up the amino acid

A

carbon is turned into glycogen
nitrogen is turned into ammonia (highly toxic) so converted to urea which is less toxic

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5
Q

where does the urea go

A

The urea dissolves in the blood and is taken to the kidney to be excreted
A small amount is also excreted in sweat

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6
Q

what do the lungs excrete

A

carbon dioxide

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7
Q

what is the main blood vessel that brings blood into the kidneys

A

renal artery

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8
Q

what is the main blood vessel that brings blood out of the kidney

A

renal vein

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9
Q

what carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

ureter

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10
Q

what are the waste substances that need to be removed from the blood

A

creatinine
urea
excess hormones
excess water
ammonia
uric acid
salts

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11
Q

in the kidney which structures help transport glucose

A

artery, vein

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12
Q

summarise the livers main 4 roles

A

assimilation of amino acids to form proteins
break down of the nitrogen containing parts of excess amino acids
forms urea which is excreted by the kidneys
breakdown of red blood cells

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13
Q

what is urine

A

mineral salts and urea dissolved in water

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14
Q

what is the urine pathway

A

Liver (urea) –> kidney –> ureter (urine) –> bladder –> urethera

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15
Q

temperature and exercise affect on volume and concentration of urine

A

temperature and exercise increase leads to increased dehydration and hence less volume and more concentrated urine as water content will be less.

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16
Q

high hydration means…

A

more volume and less concentrated urine

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17
Q

how does temperature and exercise increase dehydration

A

as temperature and exercise increase, more sweat is released causing the body to lose water and salts through sweat

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18
Q

what are the kidney’s function in the body

A

regulate the water content in the blood (vital for maintaining blood pressure)
excrete toxic waste products of metabolism

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19
Q

what is a nehpron

A

nephron acts as a filterate in the kidney and is the functional unit of the kidney

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20
Q

where is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron

A

proximal convuluted tube

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21
Q

where is urea reabsorbed in the nephron

A

not absorbed, excreted through urine

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22
Q

where are salts reabsorbed in the nephron

A

loop of henle

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23
Q

where is water reabsorbed

A

loop of henle
collecting duct

24
Q

why does ultrafiltration take place

A

capilaries get narrower as they go further into the glomerulus which increases the pressure of the blood in the vessels
this causes the smaller molecules in the blood to be forced out of the capilaries and into the bowmans capsule

25
how is glucose reabosrbed
through active transport in the proximal convuluted tube
26
how are salts reabsorbed
through diffusion in the loop of henle
27
how is water reabsorbed
through osmosis in the distal convuluted tube
28
where is urine formed
in the collecting duct
29
how is the nephron adapted to its function
the nephron reabsorbs glucose through active transport, has many mitochondria to provide energy for the glucose moleucules to move against the concentration gradient
30
in a normal patient which structures transports glucose
renal artery renal vein
31
if both kidneys are damaged what are the consequences
build-up of toxic wastes in the body which will be fatal if not removed
32
what happens if no treatment is done for both kidneys being damaged
toxins such as urea build up and salt and water balance is upset causing death
33
what is kidney dialysis
artificial machines carry out the functions of the kidney outside the body
34
what is kidney transplant
one healthy kidney from a willing donor will replace the 2 diseased kidneys
35
how do kidney dialysis machines work
Patients are connected to a dialysis machine which acts as an artificial kidney to remove most of the urea and restore/maintain the water and salt balance of the blood dialysis fluid contains same conc of salts, water and glucose, hence only excess or some of the salts/water/glucose is filtered out. no urea conc so all urea diffuses out
36
how is blood transported in a kidney dialysis machine
Unfiltered blood is taken from an artery in the arm, pumped into the dialysis machine and then returned to a vein in the arm
37
how does the dialysis machine work inside the machine
Inside the machine the blood and dialysis fluid are separated by a partially permeable membrane - the blood flows in the opposite direction to dialysis fluid, allowing exchange to occur between the two where a concentration gradient existsw
38
what is dialysis fluid made up of
Dialysis fluid contains: -a glucose concentration similar to a normal level in blood -a concentration of salts similar to a normal level in blood -no urea
39
how does the dialysis glucose concentration and the human body's blood glucose concentration interact with eachother
As the dialysis fluid contains a glucose concentration equal to a normal blood sugar level, this prevents the net movement of glucose across the membrane as no concentration gradient exists
40
how does the dialysis urea conc and the urea conc in the blood interact with eachother
As the dialysis fluid has no urea in it, there is a large concentration gradient - meaning that urea diffuses across the partially permeable membrane, from the blood to the dialysis fluid.
41
how does the dialysis salt conc and the blood salt conc interact with each other
As the dialysis fluid contains a salt concentration similar to the ideal blood concentration, movement of salts across the membrane only occurs where there is an imbalance (if the blood is too low in salts, they will diffuse into the blood; if the blood is too high in salts, they will diffuse out of the blood)
42
what is an additive of the dialysis solution
An anticoagulant is added to blood before it runs through the machine to prevent the blood from clotting and slowing the flow
43
what happens to urine after exiting the collecting chamber
goes into ureter through peristalsis then stored in bladder then excreted through unrinary system
44
describe the functions of the liver in excretion
deamination excess amino acids, converted to ammonia which is then quickly converted to urea as ammonia is highly toxic
45
1 adv and 1 disadv of kidney transplant compared to dialysis
ADV: patients do not need to return to clinic for dialysis DISADV: need immunosuppressant drugs
46
explain the function of the renal capsule
ultrafiltration high blood pressure assists filtrate to pass through glomerulus filtrate small enough to move through the glomerulus filtrate contains dissolved salts, urea and glucose
47
where is urea formed
liver
48
what is the function of the proximal convoluted tube
selective reabsorption back into the blood e.g glucose
49
what is the function of the glomerulus
ultrafiltration small molecules from blood are pushed out under high pressure
50
why might the concentration of sodium ions be higher in the liquid that flows out of the liver than the concentration in urine
water has been reabsorbed by osmosis in collecting duct more water makes the liquid dilute, hence less water will make the liquid concentrated
51
name two components of the blood that is not in dialysis fluid
red blood cells white blood cells
52
Amino acids are processed by the liver. describe the process
deanimation nitrogen component of amino acids are converted to ammonia quickly converted to urea as ammonia is too toxic and can be harmful carbon component of amino acids are converted to glucose. Some amino acids are used to make protiens (eg fibrinogen)
53
how does excretion differ in diabetic patients
when the glucose concentration in blood becomes too high all the glucose isnt able to be reabsorbed in the PCT glucose has a strong osmolarity and pulls water with it causing patients to pee excessively and lose a lot of water
54
what does the glomerulus do
ultrafilteration small molecules are forced out from blood into glomerulus due to high pressure large molecules don't pass
55
what does the proximal convoluted tubule do
selective reabsorption back into blood eg glucose

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