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coordination and response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of nervous systems

A

central
peripheral

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2
Q

what does the central nervous system contain

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system contain

A

all of the nerves in the body

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4
Q

how is information sent through the nervous system

A

nerve impulses (electrical signals that pass along nerve cells known as neurones)

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5
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bundle of neurons

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6
Q

what are the 3 main types of neurones

A

sensory, motor and relay

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7
Q

what is a sensory neurone

A

carry impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord)

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8
Q

what is a motor neurone

A

neurones that carry impulses from the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) to the muscles

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9
Q

what is a relay neurone

A

neurones are found inside the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurones

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10
Q

characteristics of sensory neurones

A

long and have a cell body branching off the middle of the axon

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11
Q

characteristics of relay neurones

A

short and have a small cell body at one end with many dendrites branching off

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12
Q

characteristics of motor neurones

A

long and have a large cell body at one end with long dendrites branching off it

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13
Q

voluntary vs involuntary actions

A

voluntary actions involve brain activity to coordinate the response,
where as involuntary actions does not involve the brain as the coordinator of the reaction and you are not aware you have completed it until after you have carried it out

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14
Q

reflex arc steps

A

stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone -> effector -> response
sent through electrical impulses

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15
Q

characteristics of reflex actions

A

1) fast
2) automatic
3) protective

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16
Q

what is a synapse

A

junction between two neurones

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17
Q

define sensitivity

A

ability to detect, sense changes in the environment.
ability to detect stimuli and make responses accordingly

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18
Q

define involuntary actions

A

a response that doesn’t involve thought/decision

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19
Q

what is the function of the cornea

A

the cornea is a transparent lens refracts (bends) light as it enters the eye

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20
Q

what is the function of the iris

A

controls how much light enters the pupil

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21
Q

what is the function of the lens

A

the lens is a transparent disc that can change shape to focus light on the retina

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22
Q

what is the function of the retina

A

contains light receptor cells (rods and cones)- rods help see black and white and cones help see coloured images

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23
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve

A

sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

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24
Q

what is the function of the pupil

A

hole that allows light to enter the eye

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25
Q

what happens to the pupil when it exposed to a lot of light

A

pupil constricts in order to prevent too much light entering the eye and damaging the retina

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26
Q

what happens to the pupil when it is exposed to dim light

A

pupil widens so as to allow more light to enter into the retina

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27
Q

what are the two spots in the eye that have the lowest number of rods

A

yellow spot (fovea)
blind spot

28
Q

which spot in the eye has most cones

A

fovea

29
Q

what is the functions of rods

A

allows for detection of light of low intensity, converts light to electrical impulses, allows for night vision, gives black and white vision

30
Q

how does the pupil reflex work in response to low light

A

-photoreceptors detect change in light
-radial muscles contract
-circular muscles relax
-pupil dilates
-more light is allowed in

31
Q

how does the pupil reflex work in response to bright light

A

-photoreceptors detect change in light
-radial muscles relax
-circular muscles contract
-pupil constricts
-less light enters the eye

32
Q

how does the lens accommodate to view close objects

A

-ciliary muscles contract
-suspensory ligaments relax
-lens becomes fatter
lens refracts more

33
Q

how does the lens accommodate to view far away objects

A

-ciliary muscles relax
-suspensory ligaments contract
-lens become thinner
lens refracts less

34
Q

where is the “blind spot” located

A

area where optic nerve attaches to retina

35
Q

what is a hormone

A

A hormone is a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

36
Q

what are all the glands present in the endocrine

A

pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes (male), ovaries (female)

37
Q

what are two hormones the pituitary gland secrets

A

Human growth hormone (HGH or GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

38
Q

what is the thyroid gland’s job

A

to control the body’s metabolism
secrets thyroxine

39
Q

what is the function of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress
produce adrenaline

40
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

secretes multiple food digesting enzymes
produces insulin which helps lower blood glucose level and glucagon which helps increase blood glucose level

41
Q

what is the function of the testes and ovaries

A

produce testosterone (male sex hormone)
produce and store eggs and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle (oestrogen) and pregnancy

42
Q

from top to bottom what are all the components of a motor neurone

A

dendrite
cell body
axon
myelin sheath
nodes of Ranvier
the nucleus of the myelin sheath
nerve ending

43
Q

from top to bottom what are all the components of a relay neurone

A

dendrite
cell body
axon
pre-synaptic terminal

44
Q

from top to bottom what are all the components of a sensory neurone

A

receptor cell
myelin sheath
axon
cell body

45
Q

which two parts of the eye refract light

A

cornea, lens

46
Q

what does adrenaline do to the body

A

increase the blood glucose level
increased rate of respiration in muscles
increased heart rate
increased breathing rate
diverting blood flow to muscles
dilating pupils

47
Q

when radial muscles contract what happens to the pupil

A

when radial muscles in iris contract the pupil dilates

48
Q

when circular muscles in the iris contract what happens to the pupil

A

when circular muscles contract the pupil constricts

49
Q

how does the lens change to be able to accommodate viewing of up close objects

A

lens becomes thicker to be able to refract the light rays and make them converge at the retina

50
Q

how does the lens change to accommodate

A

becomes thinner to view far away objects
becomes thicker to view close objects

51
Q

how does the lens accommodate to the viewing of objects further away

A

become thinner to be able to converge light to the retina from far away

52
Q

what part of the eye is sensitive to light

A

retina

53
Q

define sensitivity

A

ability to detect changes in the environment stimuli react/change in accordance

54
Q

how do cones allow the human eye to see light

A

cones respond to different wavelengths, converts light into electrical impulses, optic nerve accumulates the data and sends it to brain for the brain to interpret it.

55
Q

explain why extra glucose needs to be converted to glycogen

A

glucose is soluble, glycogen is insoluble
glucose in blood would lower water potential
causing hyperglycemia

56
Q

name 3 sense organs and the stimulus they respond to

A

eye - light
ears - sound
nose - smells

57
Q

what are the advantages of simple reflexes

A

fast, automatic and protective/defensive

58
Q

voluntary vs involuntary

A

voluntary involves brain decision making
voluntary actions are slower
voluntary actions are not automatic

59
Q

what are the 2 parts of the eye that control the direction of the light rays

A

cornea and lens

60
Q

where in the eye is the image formed

A

retina

61
Q

where is the cell body in the sensory neurone

A

ganglion

62
Q

where is the cell body in the relay neurone

A

gray matter (spinal chord)

63
Q

what prevents the leakage of the impulse

A

myelin sheath

64
Q

what are the 2 effectors in the body

A

muscles
glands

65
Q

which neurone stimulates effectors

A

motor neurone

66
Q

what is the pathway of light entering the eye

A

cornea -> aqueous humour -> pupil -> lens -> vitreous humour

bio (29 decks)

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