biotech Flashcards
what are the most common type of microorganisms used in biotechnology
bacteria
eq of anaerobic respiration of yeast
c6h12o6 —–> c2h5oh + co2
glucose ethanol carbon dioxide
why does bread rise in bread making
yeast anaerobically respires and makes carbon dioxide, after gaining energy carbon dioxide will try to escape by rising upwards from the bread. causing the bread to rise and become soft
what is the main chemical found inside plant cell walls
pectin
why is pectinase used
breaks down pectin found in the cell wall, making the fruit easier to cut
and making clearer juice
what makes juice cloudy
large Polysaccharides
what are the steps of genetic engineering
-restriction enzymes also isolate the required gene that is usually inserted into the bacteria onto plasmids
-restriction enzymes “cut” plasmid DNA strands at specific ends and the ends at which they are cut are called sticky ends.
-the inserted isolated gene and the open sticky ends of the plasmids are stuck together by an enzyme called ligase.
how do biological washing powders wash dirt and stains
have pancreatic enzymes that breakdown proteins or fats in the stain or dirt and clean the material
what is lactose
sugar found in milk
how is lactose-free milk made
lactase enzyme is added to lactose-containing milk
and is left to stand so that the enzyme can break the sugar down
how is penicillin made
Penicillium fungi is placed in a fermenter. fermenter cultures microorganisms the fungi in large amounts, makes it penicillin.
definition of genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes from another organism
what is a genetically engineered organism called
‘recombinant DNA’
advantages of genetically modified crops
REDUCED USE OF CHEMICALS SUCH AS HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES BETTER
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT CHEAPER / LESS TIME-CONSUMING FOR
FARMERS
disadvantages of genetically modified crops
reduced biodiversity
increased cost of seeds
what about bacterial plasmids make them perfect for biotech
The presence of plasmids in bacteria, separate from the main bacterial chromosome, makes them easy to remove and manipulate to insert genes into them and then place back inside the bacterial cells
describe how bacteria are used to produce enzymes for biological washing powders
bacteria are grown in a fermenter
they are supplied with glucose and amino acids
the optimum condition is 26 deg cel and a ph of 5-6
stirred to prevent settling
bacteria grow and extracellular enzymes are secreted
explain how enzymes in biological washing powders act to remove food and blood stains from clothes
proteins are digested to amino acids by protease
fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase
starch to maltose/glucose by amylase
breaks down cellulose (fibres) into stains by cellulase
all the steps in transferring gene for insulin from human cells to bacterial cells
gene for human insuline found to be on chromosome 11
gene from human cell removed from chromosome 11
gene for human insulin inserted into plasmid vector
plasmid vector enters bacterium
bacterium divides by binary fission
bacterium produces human insulin
