biotech

Question 1

what are the most common type of microorganisms used in biotechnology

Answer 1

bacteria

Question 2

eq of anaerobic respiration of yeast

Answer 2

c6h12o6 —–> c2h5oh + co2
glucose ethanol carbon dioxide

Question 3

why does bread rise in bread making

Answer 3

yeast anaerobically respires and makes carbon dioxide, after gaining energy carbon dioxide will try to escape by rising upwards from the bread. causing the bread to rise and become soft

Question 4

what is the main chemical found inside plant cell walls

Answer 4

pectin

Question 5

why is pectinase used

Answer 5

breaks down pectin found in the cell wall, making the fruit easier to cut
and making clearer juice

Question 6

what makes juice cloudy

Answer 6

large Polysaccharides

Question 7

what are the steps of genetic engineering

Answer 7

-restriction enzymes also isolate the required gene that is usually inserted into the bacteria onto plasmids
-restriction enzymes “cut” plasmid DNA strands at specific ends and the ends at which they are cut are called sticky ends.
-the inserted isolated gene and the open sticky ends of the plasmids are stuck together by an enzyme called ligase.

Question 8

how do biological washing powders wash dirt and stains

Answer 8

have pancreatic enzymes that breakdown proteins or fats in the stain or dirt and clean the material

Question 9

what is lactose

Answer 9

sugar found in milk

Question 10

how is lactose-free milk made

Answer 10

lactase enzyme is added to lactose-containing milk
and is left to stand so that the enzyme can break the sugar down

Question 11

how is penicillin made

Answer 11

Penicillium fungi is placed in a fermenter. fermenter cultures microorganisms the fungi in large amounts, makes it penicillin.

Question 12

definition of genetic engineering

Answer 12

Genetic engineering is changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes from another organism

Question 13

what is a genetically engineered organism called

Answer 13

‘recombinant DNA’

Question 14

advantages of genetically modified crops

Answer 14

REDUCED USE OF CHEMICALS SUCH AS HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES BETTER
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT CHEAPER / LESS TIME-CONSUMING FOR
FARMERS

Question 15

disadvantages of genetically modified crops

Answer 15

reduced biodiversity
increased cost of seeds

Question 16

what about bacterial plasmids make them perfect for biotech

Answer 16

The presence of plasmids in bacteria, separate from the main bacterial chromosome, makes them easy to remove and manipulate to insert genes into them and then place back inside the bacterial cells

Question 17

describe how bacteria are used to produce enzymes for biological washing powders

Answer 17

bacteria are grown in a fermenter

they are supplied with glucose and amino acids

the optimum condition is 26 deg cel and a ph of 5-6

stirred to prevent settling

bacteria grow and extracellular enzymes are secreted

Question 18

explain how enzymes in biological washing powders act to remove food and blood stains from clothes

Answer 18

proteins are digested to amino acids by protease
fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase
starch to maltose/glucose by amylase
breaks down cellulose (fibres) into stains by cellulase

Question 19

all the steps in transferring gene for insulin from human cells to bacterial cells

Answer 19

gene for human insuline found to be on chromosome 11
gene from human cell removed from chromosome 11
gene for human insulin inserted into plasmid vector
plasmid vector enters bacterium
bacterium divides by binary fission
bacterium produces human insulin