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human repro Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is fertilization

A

fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm cell) and a female
gamete (egg cell)

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2
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

in the oviducts in the females

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3
Q

what are the adaptions of sperm and its function

A

flagellum (tail) - enables it to swim

contains enzymes in the head region (acrosome) - to digest through the jelly coat and cell membrane of an egg cell

contains many mitochondria - to provide energy from respiration for locomotion

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4
Q

what are the adaptions of egg cells and its function

A

cytoplasm containing energy - provides energy for the dividing zygote after fertilization

jelly-like coating that changes after fertilization - forms an impenetrable barrier after fertilization to prevent other sperm nuclei from entering the cell

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5
Q

what type of nucleus do gametes have

A

haploid nucleus

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6
Q

describe the parts of a sperm cell from top to bottom

A

acrosome
haploid nucleus
midpiece containing mitochondria
flagellum

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7
Q

what is the prostate gland and what does it do

A

produces fluid called semen that provide sperm cells with nutrients

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8
Q

what is the sperm duct/vas deferens and what does it do

A

sperm passes through the sperm duct to be mixed with fluids produced by the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation

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9
Q

what is the urethra and what does it do

A

urethra is a tube that runs down the centre of the penis which can carry urine or sperm, a ring of muscle in the urethra prevents the urine and semen from mixing

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10
Q

what are the testis and what does it do

A

contained in a bag of skin (scrotum) and produces sperm (male gamete) and testosterone (hormone)

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11
Q

what is the scrotum and what does it do

A

sac supporting the testes outside to ensure sperm are kept at a lower temperature optimum for their production

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12
Q

what is the penis and what does it do

A

passes urine out of the body from the bladder and allows semen to pass into the vagina of a woman, during sexual intercourse

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13
Q

what is the oviduct

A

connects the ovary to the uterus and is lined with ciliated cells to push the released ovum down it, fertilization occurs here

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14
Q

what is the ovary

A

contains ova (female gametes) which will mature and develop when hormones are released

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15
Q

what is the uterus

A

muscular bag with a soft lining where the fertilised egg (zygote) will be implanted and develop into a fetus

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16
Q

what is the cervix

A

ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep the developing fetus in place during pregnancy

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17
Q

what is the vagina

A

muscular tube that leads to the inside of the woman’s body, where the males penis will enter during intercourse and sperm is deposited

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18
Q

compare the size of a sperm cell and an egg cell

A

sperm: 45 nanometers
egg cell: 0.2mm

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19
Q

compare the structure of a sperm cell and an egg cell

A

sperm: head structure and flagellum, many structural adaptations
egg cell: round cell with few physical adaptations and covered in jelly coating

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20
Q

compare the mobility of a sperm cell and an egg cell

A

sperm: locomotive
egg: not locomotive

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21
Q

compare the number of sperm cells and egg cells in a human body

A

sperm: millions produced everyday in huge numbers (around 100 million per day)
egg: thousands of immature eggs in each ovary but only 1 released each month

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22
Q

after fertiliation in the oviduct where does the zygote move to

A

the uterus

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23
Q

how long does the travel from oviduct to uterus take and what happens to the zygote

A

This takes about 3 days, during which time the zygote will divide several times to form a ball of cells known as an embryo

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24
Q

where does the embryo finally reach and what is this called

A

sinks into the uterine lining and is called implantation

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25
Q

what is the gestation period for humans

A

9 months

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26
Q

when does the development of major organs take place

A

within the first 12 weeks

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27
Q

how does the embryo get nutrition from the mother

A

diffusion through the placenta

28
Q

what does the embryo become after all the organs are in place

A

once the organs are in place and the placenta has formed the embryo is called a fetus

29
Q

what is the amniotic sac
what does it contain
what does it do

A

fetus is surrounded by an amniotic sac which contains amniotic fluid
protects the fetus during development by cushioning it from bumps

30
Q

what is the umbilical cord, what does it do

A

umbilical cord joins the fetus’s blood supply to the placenta for exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products

31
Q

how does the fetus develop in the gestation period

A

gains the mother’s glucose, amino acids, fats, water and oxygen from the mother’s blood

32
Q

how is the placenta wall adapted for diffusion

A

large surface area and thin wall

33
Q

name the 6 stages of child birth

A
  • Amniotic sac breaks
  • Muscles in the uterus wall contract
  • Cervix dilates (gets wider)
  • Baby passes out through the vagina
  • Umbilical cord is tied and cut
  • Afterbirth is delivered
34
Q

how does the placenta protect the baby from toxins

A

acts a barrier between the baby and pathogens

35
Q

why should pregnant women avoid smoking

A

nicotine can pass across the placenta

36
Q

does the umbilical cord being cut hurt

A

no as there are no nerves in it only blood vessels

37
Q

what is afterbirth

A

The placenta detaches from the uterus wall shortly after birth and is pushed out due to contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus – known as the afterbirth

38
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics

A

changes that occur during puberty as children become adolescents

39
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics controlled by

A

hormones
oestrogen - females
Testosterone - males

40
Q

what are female secondary sexual characteristics

A

breasts develop
body hair grows
menstrual cycle begins
hips get wider

41
Q

what are male secondary sexual characteristics

A

growth of penis and testes
growth of facial and body hair
muscles develop
voice breaks
testes begin to produce sperm

42
Q

how long is the average menstrual cycle

A

28 days

43
Q

what is ovulation

A

the release of an egg, occuring about halfway through the menstrual cycle (14th day)
after release, the egg travels down the oviduct to the uterus

44
Q

what causes menstruation

A

if the released egg isnt fertilized, the breakdown of the thickened lining of the uterus is stimulated which is what causes the bleeding (menstruation)

45
Q

how long does the bleeding (menstruation) last

A

5-7 days

46
Q

describe the uterine lining from day 1 to day 7

A

uterine lining sheds and becomes thins

47
Q

describe the uterine lining from day 7 to 14

A

lining builds up and thickens

48
Q

describe the uterine lining from day 14 to 28

A

lining continues to build up and maintains

49
Q

describe the uterine lining on day 28

A

uterine lining sheds and becomes thins as the new cycle begins

50
Q

what is the menstrual cycle controlled by

A

controlled by hormones released from the ovary and the
pituitary gland in the brain

51
Q

what does FSH stimulate and where is it secreted from

A

stimulates egg maturation in the follicles of the ovary
stimulates follicles in the ovaries to secrete estrogen
stimulates the ovaries to start releasing estrogen

secreted by the pituitary gland and causes the egg to mature in the ovary

52
Q

what does LH stimulate and where is it secreted from

A

the pituitary gland secretes LH when estrogen levels have peaked
LH causes ovulation to occur and also stimulates the ovary to produce progesterone

53
Q

what are the roles of estrogen

A

-stimulates the uterus to develop a lining (to replace the lining lost during menstruation)
-post-ovulation, inhibits FSH and LH production in the pituitary gland

54
Q

what are the roles of progesterone

A

-maintains and thickens lining of the uterus
-inhibits FSH and LH production

55
Q

when do oestrogen levels rise and until when

what happens when estrogen levels rise

A

day 1 to 14

uterine wall thickens and egg matures

56
Q

when do progesterone levels rise and until when

what happens when progesterone levels rise

A

day 1 to 14

cause the uterine lining to thicken further a fall in progesterone
levels cause the uterine lining to break down (menstruation / ‘period’)

57
Q

where is oestrogen and progesterone produced

A

ovary

58
Q

what is an STI

A

an infection that is transmitted through sexual
contact

59
Q

what is HIV

A

a pathogen that causes an STI
HIV infection could lead to aids

60
Q

how can HIV be spread

A

sharing needles with an infected person
blood transfusions with infected blood
mother to fetus through the placenta
mother to baby via breastfeeding

61
Q

how can HIV be controlled

A

Limiting the number of sexual partners
having protected sex
getting tested
raising awareness

62
Q

where is progesterone released from during pregnancy

A

placenta
corpus luteum

63
Q

all the steps that occur after fertilization up until the fetus is formed

A

-zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo
-hollow ball of cells move to the uterus down the oviduct
through muscle contraction and relaxation
-implants into the uterine lining
-development of placenta
-folicle becomes corpus luteum
-corpus luteum secretes progesterone
-progesterone maintains the endometrium
-progesterone inhibits the release of fsh and hence inhibits menstruation

64
Q

outline the processes of labour and birth

A

amniotic sac breaks
amniotic fluid is released
contraction of uterus
cervix dilates
baby passes through vagina
umbilical cord is cut
afterbirth is delivered

65
Q

how will the composition of a pregnant woman’s blood change as it passes through the placenta

A

concentration of dissolved nutrients will decrease
concentration of urea will increase

bio (29 decks)

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