drugs

Question 1

drugs def

Answer 1

any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body

Question 2

what are antibiotics

Answer 2

chemical substances made by certain fungi or bacteria that affect the working of bacterial cells, either by disrupting their structure or function or by preventing them from reproducing.

Question 3

what are antibiotics effective against

Answer 3

bacteria and not viruses

Question 4

how do antibiotics treat bacterial infections

Answer 4

1) attacking the bacterial cell wall
2) preventing bacterial protein formation
3) inhibiting bacterial reproduction

Question 5

what do antibiotics specifically target

Answer 5

bacterial machinery, therefore will not work on viruses

Question 6

what can reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics

Answer 6

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Question 7

why dont antibiotics work on viruses

Answer 7

antibiotics work by disrupting cell functions such as respiration or breaking down the structure of the cell in some way
However, viruses do not carry out any cell functions and do not have cell walls, cell membranes or any cell organelles and hence don’t work on viruses

Question 8

reasons for antibiotic-resistant bacteria to arise

Answer 8

overuse and being prescribed when not really necessary
patients failing to complete the fully prescribed course by a doctor
large scale use of antibiotics in farming to prevent disease when livestock are kept in close quarters, even when animals are not actually sick

Question 9

what kind of drug is alcohol and what does it do

Answer 9

depressant drug - slows down signals in the nerves and brain

Question 10

short term effects of alcohol

Answer 10

vomiting
impaired judgement
impaired balance and muscle control
sleepiness and unconsciousness

Question 11

long term effects of alcohol

Answer 11

damages the brain causing confusion and memory less
can lead to liver cirhossis

Question 12

what type of drug is heroin and what does it do

Answer 12

strong depressant, reduces pain and slows down breathing

Question 13

what are the dangers of heroin

Answer 13

using dirty needles can pass on HIV
intense withdrawal symptoms (nausea, muscle cramps, sweating, anxiety and difficulty sleeping)

Question 14

how does heroin affect the nervous system

Answer 14

heroin is metabolism to morphine
morphine molecules fit into the endorphin receptors, due to this taking heroin makes us feel amazing
Taking heroin can reduce the production of natural endorphins, which is why repeated use leads to the need for greater and greater amounts in order to get the same feelings

Question 15

what can smoking cause

Answer 15

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
lung cancer
coronary heart disease

Question 16

what are the toxic components of cigarette smoke

Answer 16

carbon monoxide - takes the place of oxygen in RBCs allowing less oxygen to be transported around the body
nicotine - the addictive drug in tobacco
tar - contains carcinogenic substances

Question 17

how can tar cause chronic bronchitis

Answer 17

which stimulates goblet cells and mucus glands to enlarge, producing more mucus

Question 18

what does a smokers cough signify

Answer 18

smoker’s cough is the attempt to move the mucus but it damages the epithelia resulting in scar tissue, which narrows the airways and makes breathing difficult

Question 19

what does a smoker’s cough signify?

Answer 19

smoker’s cough is the attempt to move the mucus but it damages the epithelia resulting in scar tissue, which narrows the airways and makes breathing difficult

Question 20

what are the negative effects of nicotine

Answer 20

nicotine narrows blood vessels, increasing blood pressure

narrow blood vessels are more likely to get clogged with fat, causing coronary heart disease

due to the less oxygen in the blood present in the body to do CHD muscle cells will begin to respire anaerobically, producing lactic acid which lowers the pH of the blood denaturing heart cells which could lead to heart attack

Question 21

what can taking anabolic steroids help with

Answer 21

Taking anabolic steroids therefore increases muscle mass, helps athletes train harder and for longer periods of time, and can increase aggression which can give an edge when competing

Question 22

side effects of taking anabolic steroids

Answer 22

increases risk of heart disease
increases risk of liver damage
increases risk of kidney damage
affect the menstrual cycle in women
decreases the ability of the immune system to destroy pathogens