Information Processing

Question 1

What are the three components of information processing?

Answer 1

• Input

• Decision-making

• Output

Question 2

Name the external senses

Answer 2

• Sight

• Hearing

Question 3

Name the internal senses

Answer 3

• Touch

• Balance

• Kinaesthesis

Question 4

What is selective attention?

Answer 4

The process of filtering relevant information from irrelevant information

Question 5

What does DCR stand for?

Answer 5

Detection, comparison and recognition

Question 6

What are the three types of memory?

Answer 6

• Short term sensory store

• Working memory/short term memory

• Long term memory

Question 7

What is the short term sensory store?

Answer 7

• Where information is only kept for a second and is forgotten if not considered important

• Has a large storage capacity but can only hold information for a short time (0.25-1s)

Question 8

What is the short term memory?

Answer 8

• It can hold 7 (+-2) items for 30s

• It’s where decision-making takes place

Question 9

What is the long term memory?

Answer 9

• Memory with unlimited capacity

• Believed to be stored as motor programmes or schema

Question 10

What is Baddeley and Hitch’s model about?

Answer 10

The working memory and how memories are stored in the LTM

Question 11

What are the four main components of the Baddeley and Hitch model (the memory system)?

Answer 11

• Central executive

• Phonological loop

• Visuospatial sketchpad

• Episodic buffer

Question 12

What does the central executive do?

Answer 12

• Has control over all the information entering and leaving the working memory

• Quickly identifies which information should be sent to one of its sub-memory systems (sub-systems)

Question 13

What is the purpose of the phonological loop?

Answer 13

• Deals with the auditory information presented from the senses

• Has a phonological store and an articulatory system that helps it to produce a memory trace (an initial mental idea of the skill which can be sent to the LTM)

Question 14

What is the purpose of the Visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 14

• Concerns sight and spatial information

• Temporarily stores visual and spatial information

Question 15

What is the purpose of the episodic buffer?

Answer 15

• Co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long-term memory

Question 16

What strategies can be used to store information in the long term memory?

Answer 16

• Mental practice

• Association

• Focus

• Chunking

• Rewards

• Chaining

• Repetition

Question 17

What mnemonic can be used to remember the strategies to store info in the LTM?

Answer 17

Males and females can run charity races

Question 18

What are the stages of Whiting’s model?

Answer 18

• Environment

• Display

• Sensory organs/receptor systems

• Perceptual mechanisms

• Translatory mechanisms

• Muscular systems

• Output data

• Feedback data

Question 19

Which stages of information processing are the DCR processes in?

Answer 19

• Detection is in input

• Comparison and recognition are in decision making

Question 20

What do the translatory mechanisms do?

Answer 20

• Help convert information so that decisions can be made

• Uses past experiences so that information received can be linked with these past experiences and sent to the memory system

• Uses coded information from the perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programme

Question 21

What are the effector mechanisms and what do they do?

Answer 21

• The network of nerves that is responsible for delivering the decisions made during the perceptual process to the muscles

• The muscles will receive the information in the form of coded impulses and, once the impulse is received, will contract and the response can begin

Question 22

What is a schema?

Answer 22

A set of rules/relationships to help us make decisions about movement patterns

Question 23

What are the two types of schema?

Answer 23

• Recall schema

• Recognition schema

Question 24

What are the recall schema about?

Answer 24

• Initial conditions - what’s going on (what can you see/hear/feel?)

• Response specifications - what is expected/what should I do?

Question 25

What are recognition schema about?

Answer 25

• Sensory consequences - feedback info concerning performance (intrinsic/kinaesthetic)

• Response outcomes - comparison of actual and intended outcome

Question 26

What are the implications of schema on the way we teach skills?

Answer 26

• Vary practice conditions by changing initial conditions

• Realistic practice

• Build up set of response specifications/movement requirements

• Develop as many schema as possible

• Frequent feedback

• Teach simple skills before sport-specific skills

• Challenging and progressing tasks

Question 27

What strategies can be used to improve selective attention?

Answer 27

• Focusing

• Increase intensity of the stimulus

• Training with distractions

• Improved motivation

• Mental practice