Information Processing Flashcards
What are the three components of information processing?
• Input
• Decision-making
• Output
Name the external senses
• Sight
• Hearing
Name the internal senses
• Touch
• Balance
• Kinaesthesis
What is selective attention?
The process of filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
What does DCR stand for?
Detection, comparison and recognition
What are the three types of memory?
• Short term sensory store
• Working memory/short term memory
• Long term memory
What is the short term sensory store?
• Where information is only kept for a second and is forgotten if not considered important
• Has a large storage capacity but can only hold information for a short time (0.25-1s)
What is the short term memory?
• It can hold 7 (+-2) items for 30s
• It’s where decision-making takes place
What is the long term memory?
• Memory with unlimited capacity
• Believed to be stored as motor programmes or schema
What is Baddeley and Hitch’s model about?
The working memory and how memories are stored in the LTM
What are the four main components of the Baddeley and Hitch model (the memory system)?
• Central executive
• Phonological loop
• Visuospatial sketchpad
• Episodic buffer
What does the central executive do?
• Has control over all the information entering and leaving the working memory
• Quickly identifies which information should be sent to one of its sub-memory systems (sub-systems)
What is the purpose of the phonological loop?
• Deals with the auditory information presented from the senses
• Has a phonological store and an articulatory system that helps it to produce a memory trace (an initial mental idea of the skill which can be sent to the LTM)
What is the purpose of the Visuospatial sketchpad?
• Concerns sight and spatial information
• Temporarily stores visual and spatial information
What is the purpose of the episodic buffer?
• Co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long-term memory
What strategies can be used to store information in the long term memory?
• Mental practice
• Association
• Focus
• Chunking
• Rewards
• Chaining
• Repetition
What mnemonic can be used to remember the strategies to store info in the LTM?
Males and females can run charity races
What are the stages of Whiting’s model?
• Environment
• Display
• Sensory organs/receptor systems
• Perceptual mechanisms
• Translatory mechanisms
• Muscular systems
• Output data
• Feedback data
Which stages of information processing are the DCR processes in?
• Detection is in input
• Comparison and recognition are in decision making
What do the translatory mechanisms do?
• Help convert information so that decisions can be made
• Uses past experiences so that information received can be linked with these past experiences and sent to the memory system
• Uses coded information from the perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programme
What are the effector mechanisms and what do they do?
• The network of nerves that is responsible for delivering the decisions made during the perceptual process to the muscles
• The muscles will receive the information in the form of coded impulses and, once the impulse is received, will contract and the response can begin
What is a schema?
A set of rules/relationships to help us make decisions about movement patterns
What are the two types of schema?
• Recall schema
• Recognition schema
What are the recall schema about?
• Initial conditions - what’s going on (what can you see/hear/feel?)
• Response specifications - what is expected/what should I do?
What are recognition schema about?
• Sensory consequences - feedback info concerning performance (intrinsic/kinaesthetic)
• Response outcomes - comparison of actual and intended outcome
What are the implications of schema on the way we teach skills?
• Vary practice conditions by changing initial conditions
• Realistic practice
• Build up set of response specifications/movement requirements
• Develop as many schema as possible
• Frequent feedback
• Teach simple skills before sport-specific skills
• Challenging and progressing tasks
What strategies can be used to improve selective attention?
• Focusing
• Increase intensity of the stimulus
• Training with distractions
• Improved motivation
• Mental practice
