Infectious Disease Chapter 8

Question 1

Disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses

Answer 1

pathogens

Question 2

Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria are these

Answer 2

prokaryotes

Question 3

Coccus (sphere shaped)
Bacillus (rod shaped)
spirillum (curved or spiral shaped)

Answer 3

Bacteria shapes

Question 4

It protects the bacteria and can contain peptidoglycan. Allow for classification (gram positive and gram negative)

Answer 4

Cell wall

Question 5

Gelatinous layer outside cell wall of some bacteria. Lacks surface proteins, so immune cells do not recognize the bacteria as foreign

Answer 5

capsule

Question 6

Rotates 360-degrees, which allows bacteria to move

Answer 6

flagella

Question 7

Stiff fibers that allow bacteria to stick to surfaces like host cells

Answer 7

fimbriac

Question 8

Elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

Answer 8

pilus

Question 9

Circular DNA found in many bacteria. Genes that allow for antibiotic resistance are often found her

Answer 9

plasmids

Question 10

Gram stain detects the ______ of cell wall

Answer 10

thickness

Question 11

have a thick layer of peptidoglycan outside plasma membrane

Answer 11

gram positive

Question 12

Have thin or lacking altogether peptidoglycan also has lipopolysaccharide molecules that cause inflammation and fever when released

Answer 12

gram negative

Question 13

Classifying positive/negative bacteria is important because

Answer 13

they have different treatments

Question 14

Antibiotics ______ bacterial growth

Answer 14

stop

Question 15

Why do we refrigerate things?

Answer 15

slows bacterial growth

Question 16

viruses are generally considered to be ___-_______.

Answer 16

non-living

Question 17

part of a virus that is composed of protein units and an inner core of nucleic acids that have genetic info

Answer 17

capsid

Question 18

Can be DNA, RNA, single or double stranded

Answer 18

genetic material

Question 19

If there are more cases of the disease than expected in a certain area for a certain period of time

Answer 19

epidemic

Question 20

If the epidemic is confined to a local area

Answer 20

outbreak

Question 21

global epidemic

Answer 21

Pandemic

Question 22

1. Spike proteins attach to surface proteins on host cells
2. Membrane fusion
3. Viral RNA is made into viral DNA (reverse transcription)
4. Viral proteins and genetic material made by host machinery

Answer 22

life cycle of a virus

Question 23

Many antiviral medication target the virus’ ability to:
______ receptors
______ immune system
______ viral load (amount of active virus) in your body

Answer 23

block
boost
lower

Question 24

Most believe this virus originated in Africa in 1959 and spread to the U.S. and Europe by way of the Caribbean
Total number of deaths attributed is over 32.7 million
Decline in WBC population leads to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 24

HIV

Question 25

May have none or very mild symptoms Body produces enough T-cells to keep up with virus

Answer 25

acute phase

Question 26

Opportunistic infections have begun to occur (candidiasis, shingles, and diarrhea)

Answer 26

Chronic phase

Question 27

More severe opportunistic infections Susceptible to opportunistic infection such as pneumonia or tuberculosis

Answer 27

Aids

Question 28

Begins with upper respiratory infection (Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and trachea) Can progress into lower respiratory infection (Body may kick in sever immune response = more inflammation, alveoli fill with fluid

Answer 28

Covid-19