Infectious Disease Chapter 8 Flashcards
Disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses
pathogens
Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria are these
prokaryotes
Coccus (sphere shaped)
Bacillus (rod shaped)
spirillum (curved or spiral shaped)
Bacteria shapes
It protects the bacteria and can contain peptidoglycan. Allow for classification (gram positive and gram negative)
Cell wall
Gelatinous layer outside cell wall of some bacteria. Lacks surface proteins, so immune cells do not recognize the bacteria as foreign
capsule
Rotates 360-degrees, which allows bacteria to move
flagella
Stiff fibers that allow bacteria to stick to surfaces like host cells
fimbriac
Elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
pilus
Circular DNA found in many bacteria. Genes that allow for antibiotic resistance are often found her
plasmids
Gram stain detects the ______ of cell wall
thickness
have a thick layer of peptidoglycan outside plasma membrane
gram positive
Have thin or lacking altogether peptidoglycan also has lipopolysaccharide molecules that cause inflammation and fever when released
gram negative
Classifying positive/negative bacteria is important because
they have different treatments
Antibiotics ______ bacterial growth
stop
Why do we refrigerate things?
slows bacterial growth
viruses are generally considered to be ___-_______.
non-living
part of a virus that is composed of protein units and an inner core of nucleic acids that have genetic info
capsid
Can be DNA, RNA, single or double stranded
genetic material
If there are more cases of the disease than expected in a certain area for a certain period of time
epidemic
If the epidemic is confined to a local area
outbreak
global epidemic
Pandemic
- Spike proteins attach to surface proteins on host cells
- Membrane fusion
- Viral RNA is made into viral DNA (reverse transcription)
- Viral proteins and genetic material made by host machinery
life cycle of a virus
Many antiviral medication target the virus’ ability to:
______ receptors
______ immune system
______ viral load (amount of active virus) in your body
block
boost
lower
Most believe this virus originated in Africa in 1959 and spread to the U.S. and Europe by way of the Caribbean
Total number of deaths attributed is over 32.7 million
Decline in WBC population leads to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
HIV
May have none or very mild symptoms
Body produces enough T-cells to keep up with virus
acute phase
Opportunistic infections have begun to occur (candidiasis, shingles, and diarrhea)
Chronic phase
More severe opportunistic infections
Susceptible to opportunistic infection such as pneumonia or tuberculosis
Aids
Begins with upper respiratory infection (Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and trachea)
Can progress into lower respiratory infection (Body may kick in sever immune response = more inflammation, alveoli fill with fluid
Covid-19
